Marketing to Children Essay

Advertisers spend 100s of billions of dollars a year worldwide[1] encouraging, persuading and manipulating people into a consumer lifestyle that has devastating consequences for the environment through its extravagance and wastefulness. Advertising exploits individual insecurities, creates false needs and offers counterfeit solutions. It fosters dissatisfaction that leads to consumption. Children are particularly vulnerable to this sort of manipulation. Young children are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing because of the amount of money they spend themselves, the influence they have on their parents spending (the nag factor) and because of the money they will spend when they grow up.[2] Whilst this child-targetted marketing used to concentrate on sweets and toys, it now includes clothes, shoes, a range of fast foods, sports equipment, computer products and toiletries as well as adult products such as cars and credit cards. In Australia, children under 18 have an ave rage $31.60 to spend each week and they influence more than 70 per cent of their parents’ clothes and fast food purchases.[3] Advertisers attending a conference on Marketing to Kids and Youth were told that children and teenagers between the ages of 10 and 17 spent $3.3 billion every year.[4] In the US there are over 57 million school age children and teenagers who spend about $100 billion each year of their own and their family’s money on  sweets, food, drinks, video and electronic products, toys, games, movies, sports, clothes and shoes.[5] Additionally children 12 and under spend more than $11 billion of their own money and influence family spending decisions worth another $165 billion on food, household items like furniture, electrical appliances and computers, vacations, the family car and other spending.[6] For example, one study estimated that children influenced $9 billion worth of car sales in 1994. One car dealer explains: â€Å"Sometimes, the child literally is our customer. I have watched the child pick out the car.†[7] This means that car manufacturers cannot afford to ignore the children in their marketing. Companies such as Nissan sponsor the American Youth Soccer Organisation and a travelling geography exhibit in order to get exposure for their brand name and logo in child-friendly settings. Chrysler distributes 100s of thousands of glossy cardboard pop-up promotional books by direct mail that will appeal to children who love pop-up books. And Chevrolet has used advertisements featuring children. Some car dealers have added children’s play areas and arcade games to their facilities.[8] US advertisers are now beginning to recognise the potential of the international children’s market. James McNeal in his book Kids as Customers estimates that there are about three quarters of a billion children in other industrialised countries: â€Å"Letting one’s marketing imagination run wild for a moment, if these children spend only half of what U.S. children spend, their market potential would be equal to around $86.5 billion.†[9] Brandweek magazine, also enthusing about â€Å"the marketing opportunity that kids around the world represent† pointed out that even in China where children don’t get much income and save most of it, their total spending amounts to $2.6 billion per year, â€Å"second only to the US†.[10] Brandweek cited a survey that showed McDonald’s was the favourite fast food all over the world and Coke the favourite drink. It argued: if it is possible to create global preferences with food products–where obstacles like differences in local cuisine and culture exist–transcending cultural boundaries with toys, clothing and entertainment products should be considerably easier.[11] Average Income and Spending for Children aged 7-12 yrs Regular Income Annual Income# Savings Total Spending $US/month/child $US/year/child  $US/year Germany 32.30 569.40 46% 0.9 billion UK 31.50 506.20 26% 1.7 billion US 29.10 493.10 21% 8.9 billion France 22.50 377.90 30% 2.2 billion Japan* 10.70 407.90 62% 1.0 billion China* 9.00 182.00 60% 2.6 billion * urban areas only # including special income Source: Laurie Klein, `More than play dough’, Brandweek, Vol. 38 (24 November 1997) McNeal argues that â€Å"in many nations the competition for the children’s market is not as aggressive† as in the US: â€Å"It has been said that in the United States when you get a competitor down you kick him; in Asia you help him up.† He suggests that US firms using US-style competition will therefore have an advantage: it appears that fairly standardized multinational marketing strategies to children around the globe are viable. And they are advisable for those American marketers who are wanting to avoid some of the intense competition domestically and are thinking of seeking market and profit growth across the seas.[12]] The Development of a Consumer Children represent three different markets. In addition to the direct money that children spend and the money they influence, children also represent a third major market and perhaps the most significant and that is the future market.[13] Advertisers recognise that brand loyalties and consumer habits formed when children are young and vulnerable will be carried through to adulthood. Retailers and manufacturers have two sources of new customers, those who they can persuade to change from their competitors and those who have not yet entered the market. Those who switch are less likely to be loyal than those who are nurtured from childhood.[14] According to the CEO of Prism Communications, â€Å"they aren’t children so much as what I like to call `evolving consumers’.†[15] McNeal outlines the stages in the evolution of a child consumer. From age 1: Accompanying Parents and Observing. Children are taken with their parents to supermarkets and other stores where all sorts of goodies are displayed. By the time a child can sit erect, he or she is placed in his or her culturally defined observation post high atop a  shopping cart. From this vantage point the child stays safety in proximity to parents but can see for the first time the wonderland of marketing.[16] From age 2: Accompanying Parents and Requesting. Children begin to ask for things that they see and make connections between television advertising and store contents. They pay more attention to those ads and the list of things they want increases. At the same time, the youngster is learning how to get parents to respond to his or her wishes and wants. This may take the form of a grunt, whine, scream, or gesture–indeed some tears may be necessary–but eventually almost all children are able on a regular basis to persuade Mom or Dad to buy something for them.[17] From age 3: Accompanying Parents and Selecting with Permission. Children are able to come down from the shopping trolley and make their own choices. They are able to recognise brands and locate goods in the store.[18] At this point the child has completed many connections, from advertisements to wants, to stores, to displays, to packages, to retrieval of want-satisfying products. For many parents this is a pleasing experience. Ditto for the marketers, for it signals the beginning of the child’s understanding of the want-satisfaction process in a market-driven society.[19] From age 4: Accompanying Parents and Making Independent Purchases. The final step in their development as a consumer is learning to pay for their purchases at the check-out counter. From age 5: Going to the Store Alone and Making Independent Purchases. According to Direct Marketing magazine, by the age of eight children make most of their own buying decisions.[20] Modern children can often recognise brands and status items by the age of 3 or 4, before they can even read. One study found that 52 percent of 3 year olds and 73% of 4 year olds â€Å"often or almost always† asked their parents for specific brands.[21] Advertisers recognise that brand loyalties and consumer habits formed when children are young and vulnerable will be carried through to adulthood. Kids `R’ Us president, Mike Searles, says â€Å"If you own this child at an early age†¦ you can own this child for years to come.†[22] Forms of Marketing Children’s advertising covers all types of media outlets from newspapers to television stations. By the time most US children start school they will have spent 5000 hours watching television. They will spend more time watching television than they spend in class for their entire schooling.[23]  Similarly in Australia, where in one in four homes children have their own television sets, children spend an average of a quarter of their spare time in front of the television.[24] A version of the infomercial aimed at children is the television show whose main characters are modelled after toys. By 1988 64% of television toy advertisements were for toys related to children’s television programmes. Often cartoon characters would be launched as movies, be followed up by television series and then be merchandised on hundreds of products from t-shirts to toys.[25] The head of Disney explained to Advertising Age in 1989 how the Disney Corporation’s activities all reinforced each other: â€Å"The Disney Stores promote the consumer products which promote the [theme] parks which promote the television shows. The television shows promote the company.†[26] Advertisers not only feature cartoon or other characters from children’s television programmes to gain their endorsement for their products (known as host selling) but they sometimes even place those advertisements in the breaks of the television programmes about those characters, thus blurring the distinction between programming and advertising and taking advantage of the affection children feel for those characters.[27] Television advertising makes up about 70% of the total amount spent on advertising to children in the US but total advertising expenditure makes up only about 15% of the total amount of money spent on marketing to children. In fact much marketing to children now consists of sales promotions such as direct coupons, free gifts and samples, contests and sweepstakes, and public relations such as using celebrities and licensed characters which visit shopping centres and schools. New technologies have also provided new opportunities such as the Internet and telephone services that enable â€Å"new, personalized promotions† aimed at children.[28] Marketing in schools is also a rapidly growing arena.[29] Kids clubs, organised by retailers, producers and media outlets, have proliferated in recent times. They offer an opportunity to develop a more personal relationship with each child, get information about the children for marketing purposes that can be used for mailing lists and data bases, and to promote products to children of particular age groups and geographical locations.[30] These additional forms of marketing have supplemented rather than replaced advertising as the importance of the children’s market has grown. Their aim however is the same as advertising,  to create brand loyalties and customers amongst children. Also, those wanting to sell goods recognise that some older children become somewhat cynical of advertisements and therefore publicity in children’s newspapers and magazines as well as other marketing strategies are alternative ways of reaching these children.[31] Advertising on the Internet A new arena for advertising is the internet. It is estimated that about four million children are using the internet world-wide and this figure is bound to increase dramatically over the next few years.[32] According to the director of Saatchi & Saatchi Interactive, â€Å"This is a medium for advertisers that is unprecedented†¦ there’s probably no other product or service that we can think of that is like it in terms of capturing kids’ interest.†[33] In their advertising material Saatchi and Saatchi explain their Kid Connection service: We at KID CONNECTION are committed to understanding kids: their motivations, their feelings, and their influences. In keeping with our mission to connect our clients to the kid market with programs that match our clients’ business objectives with the needs, drives and desires of kids†¦Interactive technology is at the forefront of kid culture, allowing us to enter into contemporary kid life and communicate with the m in an environment they call their own.[34] Children as young as four are being targeted by advertisers on the internet and often the interaction with the children is unmediated by parents or teachers.[35] These advertisers elicit personal information from the children by getting them to fill out surveys before they can play and offering prizes such as T-shirts for filling in â€Å"lengthy profiles that ask for purchasing behavior, preferences and information on other family members.†[36] Advertisers then use this information to â€Å"craft individualised messages and ads† targeted at each child. The ads are integrated with the other content of the internet site which is designed to keep the children engrossed in play for hours at a time. There are even product â€Å"spokescharacters† to interact with the children and develop relationships with them so that long lasting brand loyalties can be developed.[37] Michael Brody, spokesperson for the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, told a US Federal Trade Commission workshop on privacy that preadolescent children do not understand what personal information is. What is more, he pointed out, they look up to  fictional characters and tend to do what they ask of them.[38] The Centre for Media Education (CME) studied 38 children’s sites â€Å"commonly found on lists of popular places for children† on the internet. It found that 90% of them collected personal information from children and forty percent used incentives such as free gifts and competitions to encourage children to give that information. One in four subsequently send children an email after they visit the site and 40 percent send `cookies’ to those visiting the site to get unsolicited information from them.[39] Concerns There are questions about the ability of children so young to understand advertising and its intent and not be deceived and manipulated by it. Experts say that children don’t understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old and that it is unethical to advertise to them before then.[40] According to Karpatkin and Holmes from the Consumers Union, â€Å"Young children, in particular, have difficulty in distinguishing between advertising and reality in ads, and ads can distort their view of the world.†[41] Additionally children are unable to evaluate advertising claims. At the same time, Richard Mizerski, an Australian professor of marketing, observes; â€Å"their cognitive structures are beginning to form and they are most sensitive to external influences.†[42] This is especially a problem when advertisements appear on school walls and posters and book covers and gain legitimacy from the supposed endorsement of the school so that children think th ey must be true.[43] One study by Roy Fox, Associate Professor of English Education at the University of Missouri-Columbia, found that children watching athletes in television commercials thought that the athletes paid to be in the advertisements to promote themselves rather than the products. They believed children in advertisements were real rather than paid actors and they often confused advertisements with news items. Generally they did not understand the commercial intent and manipulation behind advertisements.[44] Older children pay less attention to advertisements and are more able to differentiate between the ads and TV programs[45] but they are also easy prey for advertisers. Around puberty, in their early teens, children are forming their own identities and they are â€Å"highly vulnerable to pressure to conform to group standards and mores.†[46] At this age they feel insecure and want to feel that they belong to their  peer group. Advertising manipulates them through their insecurities, seeking to define normality for them; influencing the way they â€Å"view and obtain appropriate models for the adult world;† and undermining â€Å"fundamental human values in the development of the identity of children.†[47] Advertisements actively encourage them to seek happiness and esteem through consumption. It is for these reasons that marketing to children should be carefully restricted. In particular advertisements aimed at children under the age of 9 years old, including on the internet and during children’s television programmes, should be banned. Such advertising subsidises the cost of these services at the cost of our children’s values, sense of well-being, health and integrity. Moreover the future of the planet is at stake if we allow advertisers and marketers to turn children into hyper consumers of the future.

Athens vs. Sparta

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in one of the two strongest empires 2,500 years ago? Athens and Sparta were the most powerful empire and city- states in Greece 2,500 years ago. They both shared many of their beliefs and heroes, but they were very different when it came to their government. Athens had a democracy and trade while Sparta was a military state and its focus was training the people for war. Sparta was a better place because the women had more freedom, they were prized for reproduction, and they did not have to worry about raising their hildren after age eight because they had to go off to the military.I would rather live in Sparta because women had more freedom and independence, there was a strong sense of security and theyre government was very well protected, and women were prized and their women's fitness was priority. In Sparta, the women had so much more freedom than the women in Athens. The Athenian women had to stay home and do what the man said and do all the work around the house (F). Their women were treated like children and many times the women were expected to be timid and earful (E).On the other hand, in Sparta, the women could take legal action under the supervision of a male guardian. They were prized for reproduction, women owned two-fifths of the land and they did not have to take care of their babies for long. The women only had to take care of healthy children for about 7 years then they would get taken away to the military (B). Also, they could own land and hire people to work for them. I like this way of living better than Athens because l, personally, like being ndependent and knowing that I can do things on my own.Second, Sparta was a better place to live because they had a very strong government and sense of security. The military in Sparta was very strong and they won many of their battles. Spartan women when handing their son or husband a shield would say â€Å"Come back with your shield, or on it. â⠂¬  Since the men had been trained they knew how to fight and they knew good strategies to help them fight. The two kings of Sparta led the military into battle when it was time.I would like to live ere because I know that if the city-state were attacked, the military would know how to defend the city and keep us safe. Next, Sparta was a better place to live because the women were somewhat important in society. In Sparta, the women were prized for their reproduction (B). If the women did not reproduce, they would not have any new people to go into the military. After seven years a woman would give her child to men who trained him for the military so he could grow up and serve for them (B).When the child became even or eight years they no longer had to worry about child care or the usual eighteen plus years of care that usually happens today. In addition, since women could do as much as the men, they spent time exercising and training for battle even though they could never fght. Th ey would learn battle strategies Just like the men in Sparta and they would stay fit in the process. The women also believed in staying fit because if they were fit then the chance of them having a healthy child was increased. I believe this was important because for me, I like being athletic.I don't think I could sit around and care for a child for many years and Just clean around the In conclusion, I think Athens could have been an okay place to live, but I think the women Just were not treated fairly. I would rather live in Sparta because the women were prized for their reproduction, they stayed fit, they were given more freedom, they were independent, and there was a strong sense of security and a strong and powerful government. I picked Sparta because it fits me best because I am athletic, independent, and I don't like to be treated like dirt. Athens vs. Sparta Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in one of the two strongest empires 2,500 years ago? Athens and Sparta were the most powerful empire and city- states in Greece 2,500 years ago. They both shared many of their beliefs and heroes, but they were very different when it came to their government. Athens had a democracy and trade while Sparta was a military state and its focus was training the people for war. Sparta was a better place because the women had more freedom, they were prized for reproduction, and they did not have to worry about raising their hildren after age eight because they had to go off to the military.I would rather live in Sparta because women had more freedom and independence, there was a strong sense of security and theyre government was very well protected, and women were prized and their women's fitness was priority. In Sparta, the women had so much more freedom than the women in Athens. The Athenian women had to stay home and do what the man said and do all the work around the house (F). Their women were treated like children and many times the women were expected to be timid and earful (E).On the other hand, in Sparta, the women could take legal action under the supervision of a male guardian. They were prized for reproduction, women owned two-fifths of the land and they did not have to take care of their babies for long. The women only had to take care of healthy children for about 7 years then they would get taken away to the military (B). Also, they could own land and hire people to work for them. I like this way of living better than Athens because l, personally, like being ndependent and knowing that I can do things on my own.Second, Sparta was a better place to live because they had a very strong government and sense of security. The military in Sparta was very strong and they won many of their battles. Spartan women when handing their son or husband a shield would say â€Å"Come back with your shield, or on it. â⠂¬  Since the men had been trained they knew how to fight and they knew good strategies to help them fight. The two kings of Sparta led the military into battle when it was time.I would like to live ere because I know that if the city-state were attacked, the military would know how to defend the city and keep us safe. Next, Sparta was a better place to live because the women were somewhat important in society. In Sparta, the women were prized for their reproduction (B). If the women did not reproduce, they would not have any new people to go into the military. After seven years a woman would give her child to men who trained him for the military so he could grow up and serve for them (B).When the child became even or eight years they no longer had to worry about child care or the usual eighteen plus years of care that usually happens today. In addition, since women could do as much as the men, they spent time exercising and training for battle even though they could never fght. Th ey would learn battle strategies Just like the men in Sparta and they would stay fit in the process. The women also believed in staying fit because if they were fit then the chance of them having a healthy child was increased. I believe this was important because for me, I like being athletic.I don't think I could sit around and care for a child for many years and Just clean around the In conclusion, I think Athens could have been an okay place to live, but I think the women Just were not treated fairly. I would rather live in Sparta because the women were prized for their reproduction, they stayed fit, they were given more freedom, they were independent, and there was a strong sense of security and a strong and powerful government. I picked Sparta because it fits me best because I am athletic, independent, and I don't like to be treated like dirt. Athens vs. Sparta Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in one of the two strongest empires 2,500 years ago? Athens and Sparta were the most powerful empire and city- states in Greece 2,500 years ago. They both shared many of their beliefs and heroes, but they were very different when it came to their government. Athens had a democracy and trade while Sparta was a military state and its focus was training the people for war. Sparta was a better place because the women had more freedom, they were prized for reproduction, and they did not have to worry about raising their hildren after age eight because they had to go off to the military.I would rather live in Sparta because women had more freedom and independence, there was a strong sense of security and theyre government was very well protected, and women were prized and their women's fitness was priority. In Sparta, the women had so much more freedom than the women in Athens. The Athenian women had to stay home and do what the man said and do all the work around the house (F). Their women were treated like children and many times the women were expected to be timid and earful (E).On the other hand, in Sparta, the women could take legal action under the supervision of a male guardian. They were prized for reproduction, women owned two-fifths of the land and they did not have to take care of their babies for long. The women only had to take care of healthy children for about 7 years then they would get taken away to the military (B). Also, they could own land and hire people to work for them. I like this way of living better than Athens because l, personally, like being ndependent and knowing that I can do things on my own.Second, Sparta was a better place to live because they had a very strong government and sense of security. The military in Sparta was very strong and they won many of their battles. Spartan women when handing their son or husband a shield would say â€Å"Come back with your shield, or on it. â⠂¬  Since the men had been trained they knew how to fight and they knew good strategies to help them fight. The two kings of Sparta led the military into battle when it was time.I would like to live ere because I know that if the city-state were attacked, the military would know how to defend the city and keep us safe. Next, Sparta was a better place to live because the women were somewhat important in society. In Sparta, the women were prized for their reproduction (B). If the women did not reproduce, they would not have any new people to go into the military. After seven years a woman would give her child to men who trained him for the military so he could grow up and serve for them (B).When the child became even or eight years they no longer had to worry about child care or the usual eighteen plus years of care that usually happens today. In addition, since women could do as much as the men, they spent time exercising and training for battle even though they could never fght. Th ey would learn battle strategies Just like the men in Sparta and they would stay fit in the process. The women also believed in staying fit because if they were fit then the chance of them having a healthy child was increased. I believe this was important because for me, I like being athletic.I don't think I could sit around and care for a child for many years and Just clean around the In conclusion, I think Athens could have been an okay place to live, but I think the women Just were not treated fairly. I would rather live in Sparta because the women were prized for their reproduction, they stayed fit, they were given more freedom, they were independent, and there was a strong sense of security and a strong and powerful government. I picked Sparta because it fits me best because I am athletic, independent, and I don't like to be treated like dirt.

Schooling Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schooling - Case Study Example the author also highlights the importance of education in the enculturation process. the author analysis Brad's behaviour who grew to adopt antisocial behaviour. The method used to gather data was a face to face interview, Brad who is the respondent is interviewed by the author whereby the respondent narrates his life history and this helps the author to compare his behavior with anthropological theories. Data is analyzed by comparing the character traits of Brad with appropriate character traits of others, Brad life history helps in identifying the importance of an appropriate social system that will ensure adoption of appropriate behavior. From the paper major conclusions are that education plays other major roles other than schooling, this include helping individuals to adopt socially acceptable behaviors whereby individuals adopt cultural traits that control behavior. the paper highlights the importance of proper enculturation in developement of socially acceptable behaviour, from the case study Brad was not raised in an appropriate social system and therefore this has led to some antisocial traits.

Vacation with Carnival Cruise Lines to the Western Caribbean Research Paper

Vacation with Carnival Cruise Lines to the Western Caribbean - Research Paper Example that had mainly been known for lard production and exportation by the Spanish became a profitable center for the sugar trade (â€Å"Background Notes: Jamaica†). In 1831, however, slave revolts all but demolished the sugar business, devastating many plantations and estates (Koss 179). In 1834, slavery was abolished, and currently Jamaica exports not only sugar and rum as its main products but bananas, coffee, and citrus fruits (â€Å"Background Notes: Jamaica†). The economy of Jamaica has suffered in the previous years due to recessions, with over 20% of the country living in poverty as of early 2011, up from 9.9% in 2007 and 16.5% in 2009 (Thame). Though the percentages are steadily rising, it is important to remember that things such as production conditions are causing this, such as the high cost of doing business in Jamaica, high taxes, and other factors (Thame). Tourists should not let themselves be put off by this and avoid Montego Bay, as there is still plenty tha t a traveler would not want to miss out on! Montego Bay, known as the â€Å"second city† of Jamaica, has known both good times and hard times in its history. It was in Montego Bay that Columbus first landed, calling it the â€Å"Gulf of Good Weather† (Koss 178). It was in Montego Bay that most trading took place, and until the slave revolts, enjoyed a bustling business with many ships coming in and out of its harbor (Koss 178). It was in and of itself the setting for the slave revolts in 1831, and its courthouse was used for retribution against those unlucky enough to be on the losing side of the rebellion, once it had been quashed by local militia (Koss 178). The sugar trade declined until the developments of both the banana trade and the tourist trade in the late 1880s, when a sanitarium was built and... Vacation with Carnival Cruise Lines to the Western Caribbean As an added bonus, while traveling on the cruise, there are always things to do aboard ship, thereby eliminated the (sometimes) boring in-between travel time between destinations, alongside the fact that most of everything is usually included in the cruise package while aboard ship (though it is always advisable to check with not only a travel agent, but with the cruise line directly, and ask for a concrete list of what is and is not included before boarding.) Included in this package will be stops at Montego Bay, Jamaica, the island of Grand Cayman, and Cozumel, Mexico. Whether the main point of the journey is sun and surf, tourist traps, ancient ruins or simply some time away, each destination is sure to delight and charm every traveler into wanting to return. Visitors should be wary in taking the approach to the Caribbean of â€Å"seen one island, seen them all.† Without a doubt, something different can be had at every stop, for every visitor. In Montego Bay, Jamaica, sample a wide variety of cuisine, or stop at a local roadside shack for a patty-snack while touring the historic district. Once at Grand Cayman Island, take the time to play with the sea turtles or stingrays, do some snorkeling, and take a tour of the Tortuga Rum Factory. Round out the day with duty-free shopping, making sure to give everything a good look. After debarking at Cozumel, the Mayan ruins and botanical gardens will delight any nature lover and history enthusiast, as long as time is planned for accordingly.

Information Handling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Handling - Essay Example There are key terms used in sampling.   They include: -(i)  Population – This refers to the set of units under study.   The study should not go beyond the population i.e. outside the population. (Abell, & Oxbrow, 2001.p. 200).(ii)  Sample - This refers to a part of the population.   It is usually hard to study the population as a whole hence the use of the sample (Grimshaw, 2003p.86).Basically, a sample should reflect the population (Taylor, Farrell, 1994p. 118).   There are ways in which a stratified sample can reflect a population.   For example in our case of Tundra.com, the stratified sample of size 300 can reflect the population (David P. Best (1996.p166p).   This is possible in ways such as: -(i)  Using the proportion of customers given for each group in relation to the total proportion.   Multiplying the total sample size with the proportion for each group will give the sample size.(ii)  Using the variability of expenditure for each group we can co mpute sample proportion.   This is through dividing the variability of expenditure for each group by the total variability and multiplying by the sample size of 300.(iii)  Using the cost per respondent for each group with regards to gathering data can help in giving sample size.Due to the need of Tundra.com to break into the higher education market, an interview has been carried out.   This was aimed at gauging the viability of the market.   It was carried out in London.... It was carried out in London. Summary Different ways were used in finding how a 300 size sample could reflect the population. Other types of stratified random sampling include: - (i) Proportional - This is where samples are taken in proportion to the population. Advantages It is precise. It is clearly representative. Disadvantages Assumes uniformity which is sometimes unrealistic. It requires knowledge which might lack. (ii) Disproportionate - This is where sample is taken without consideration of the population size. Advantages Useful where costs of collecting data differ among subgroups. Helps where different responses from different strata of people are expected. Disadvantages It's abstract in terms sample size determination. Has no uniformity. (iii) Optimal - This is where sampling is made to yield the least attainable variability. Advantages Emphasises optimum allocation of units. It convenient and time saving due to picking of sample units. Disadvantages It's ideal because the specific units may not be readily available. Representativeness of Samples (i) Sample as per proportion of customers This sample seems a bit uniformly spread since it has a smaller range compared to the others. The range is (90 - 18) = 72 (ii) Sample as per variability of expenditure This sample seems to be a poor representative of the population. It is affected by extreme values. It has also a large range of (104 - 13) = 91 (iii) Sample as per data gathering cost per respondent This sample seems to give a dismal result to reflect the population. It has the largest range comparatively i.e. (135 - 13) = 120 Recommendation on Stratified Sampling Methods The stratified random sampling methods which include proportion, optimal and disproportiate methods

The Development of G-20 and G-8 Countries Term Paper

The Development of G-20 and G-8 Countries - Term Paper Example They are manufacturing countries and the huge exports provide for the main avenue to an acquisition of wealth, power, and high employment rates unlike developing ones which depend on small-scale exports of farm produce and other little-valued trade related products. However, it is worth noting that relative poverty exists between G-20 and G-8 Countries. This relative poverty phenomenon can best be accounted for if we study different macroeconomic indicators. And these are: By the end of third quarter, the consumer price index CPI for all urban consumers increased to 0.6 %; it rose 0.4% before seasonal adjustment It had also heightened 0.4%. This CPI increased by from 2.0% compared to the earlier level. The employment rate represents the total number of people working whether on the permanent or casual basis. It suggests that over 63% people in the population, men and women have had employment. We got job losers, job seekers who stay out of employment for weeks or months. Some get new jobs and some don’t. The output is huge in the manufacturing of nondurables showing that the USA is an industrial country. The statistics show variations but it gives us a clear picture of the nature of productive activities. This is a good indication of economic dynamics in the USA. Secession is a political crisis which involves a state or a group of states seeking separation and complete sovereignty from the federal or main government. The eleven of the Southern States which were fifteen in number believed that it was within their constitutional right to seek secession in 1806 and 1861. However, they were defeated during the American Civil War. Over 600,000 people perished. The Supreme Court declared secession unconstitutional, though the Southern States had concrete reasons for secession. They hated slavery which was legalized in the South. This happened before Abraham Lincoln took office oath. The recession caused people to lose jobs and weakened the Union in terms of military strength, US Foreign Policy. International trade had a downfall too. It also motivated more states to petition secession moves.

Branding for the UK Youth Market Research Proposal

Branding for the UK Youth Market - Research Proposal Example A degree of understanding with regard to their broad interests in relation to how they spend their money will also need to be appreciated. In particular whether there is a holistic group product awareness and market for brands like Nike or Sprite etc. Within this research framework questions relating to how the prevention of product consumerism like tobacco and alcohol work effectively or whether campaigns for drink and smoking awareness prove ineffective for most young people. This should conclude whether current marketing is acting responsibly, towards the needs of young people as well as what the real motivators and trends of the average young person are where branding is concerned. This will provide a comprehensive definition of what is meant by branding and outline the general position of the current youth market in comparison to fifty years ago. This section will provide an overview and a context for the chapters ahead. The literature review will demonstrate the types of sources that were utilised for the purposes of researching and demonstrating the findings presented within the dissertation. This will include a comprehensive analysis of all the key references that have been used to argue the points under discussion within this thesis. As a means of setting the context withi... issertation will use a variety of resources including text books, research papers, journals, relevant articles and web resources in order to support the arguments for discussion. Total length for the Literature Review should represent 25% of the dissertation As a means of setting the context within which a changing market has evolved and is still developing Bill Osgerby's innovative Youth Media. This text explores Youth culture and the media, the 'Fab Phenomenon', representations, responses and effects of the media on young people. It also focuses on lifestyle, culture and identity. The Journal of Consumer Behaviour offers a number of useful and relevant volumes that provide primary research findings, including Uncovering the links between brand choice and personal values among young British and Spanish girls by Anne Dibley and Susan Baker. Their paper presents empirical research relating to specific areas of branding, including how snack brands can satisfy particular young female values amongst 11-12 year-old British and Spanish consumers. Links between brand choice and personal values amongst the young are analysed and proved legitimate; particularly in relation to associations with fun, excitement and friendship. The Art of Digital Branding By Ian Cocoran, is a very up to date text discussing the art of digital branding for the benefit of contemporary audiences. It looks at how different colour schemes, site maps and menu formats can work effectively at engaging with different people to satisfy different needs and comments on the challenges of the changing morals of youth. Similarly Matt Haig looks at the phenomena of modern methods of marketing to the young in Mobile Marketing: The Message Revolution Which essentially discusses the powerful and direct method

Honor System a Professional Responsibility Essay - 1

Honor System a Professional Responsibility - Essay Example They cannot afford any blunder in their behavior which may lead others to think anything in contrast to the behavior and belief which was expected of that person. This set of rules, this guideline that is there to direct members on how to act or more specifically, how NOT to act, is called the honor code. In simple terms, it is there to uphold the honor of the community by avoiding any action which goes against its teachings. There are majorly two types of honor codes. One is academic and the other is for forces. The academic honor code is highly evolved into becoming perfect now. All major colleges and universities have their own honor codes which have been perfected to their own standards by trial and error. Students have found loopholes in each one of them and when discovered, the holes were filled by re writing the code for the new students. The result is that the present honor codes, though different, are very well defined and do not give any excuse to any student to behave in a way regarded as unacceptable. The honor codes for forces are present for all three, the Naval, Air Force and Military. At the heart of these honor codes, is the military honor code. Being trusted by the public for the welfare and security of that whole country, the military honor code is well defined and comprises of the essence of responsibility. It reads that "A cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate those who do." (USAF Academy, 1985) This is all very interesting. Surely it shows how thoroughly the code encompasses the whole idea of the organization. The soldier knows by reading the code what his duties and responsibilities are and how to go about fulfilling them. This will help shape his life at the academies. From the very start he knows what is required of him and he will be following a clear cut path towards becoming the sort of soldier and commander that is required and expected of him by the nation.

See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

See attachment - Essay Example Adequate working ambience and other motivators then act towards maximizing the productivity and satisfaction. Job design and work organization work towards complementing each other’s roles. This set of analysis is the specification of the contents, method and relationships of jobs to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the personal needs of job holders1. A systematic body of knowledge on the design of jobs is a result of the Industrial revolution and the rise of large-scale economic enterprises. Principles of scientific management developed by Frederick W Taylor2 around 1900 form the basis for designing jobs in most organizations. The primary emphasis of scientific management was on planning, standardizing and improving human efforts at the operating level in order to maximize output with least amount of input. But now behavioral part is also included into managing the human resources. Now profit maximization is not the only motive, but establishing a relationship with the customers and employees have become equally important parts of the managerial tasks. Management Driven Approach: According to this school of thought management will be most effective if it devises rules and procedures to govern the staff for the task to be undertaken. In this approach management is assumed to be a class apart and more effective than labor at devising methods for executing the work and then at planning and organizing. Workers as Economic entities: According to this school of thought, human beings are considered as rational economic beings. And maximum output is thought to be the direct consequence of the policy of relating pay levels to the output. This theory assumes that primary goal of human beings is the monetary compensation and the reward systems. As such, humans will examine a situation and identify a course of action likely to maximize their self interest and act accordingly. All that is required to

Zoning and Eminent Domain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zoning and Eminent Domain - Research Paper Example These exclusive rights seen to be enjoyed by individual property owners are bestowed on them by the local or regional governing body. The governing bodies like municipalities, local, state and federal governments are responsible for allocating, issuing private property ownership documents and authorizing the uses of such properties. The most valuable private property is land, which acts as the harbor for other properties like water and air. While private property remains an individual’s domain to exercise their use, it is within the powers of the governing bodies that allocate the private properties’ ownership and use to regulate the excesses of utilization of the property. It is also within the governing bodies’ power to give or take away the ownership albeit in a legal manner that can prove the eligibility and legality of the exercise. Differences between Zoning and Eminent Domain Zoning and eminent domain are two procedures that pertain to private property ownership and use contained within the powers of the private property owner and the governing body. The two processes signify the shift of exclusive powers of ownership and use of private property from the individual to the governing bodies. However, the two processes differ. Zoning is a process used to show the extent of governing bodies’ exclusive powers on private property use while eminent domain shows the governing bodies’ extent use of its powers on private property ownership.

Motor Learning and Coaching Notes Essay Example for Free

Motor Learning and Coaching Notes Essay The study of relativity permanent changes in motor skills and capabilities that come with practice or experience. This includes: †¢Investigating how elite athletes become experts †¢Studying the best way for a teacher or coach to structure a practice environment for maximal potential †¢Methods of practicing motor skills oHow often oHow long oGroup size oEquipment What is a Skill? A complex movement or sequence of movements, which are smooth and coordinated. These movements don’t require conscious thought and have predetermined results. A learned skill is one that can be repeated. A performance may be a fluke and is only performed once. Motor Skill: physical skills that require body movement and rely on motor control Classification of a Skill: Based on: Where- the environment of the skill Closed: †¢predictable, constant environment †¢Work at own pace- internally paced †¢Replication/ repetition of same skill †¢Examples: swimming in a pool, archery, shooting Open: †¢Changing environment †¢Pace dependant on other people/ factors Detecting stimuli Deciding Processing Acting Responding appropriately Evaluating Feedback Cues †¢A stimulus perception †¢In learning used to obtain information to perform and improve †¢Used in the demonstration and explaination of a skill by a coach †¢Can be both internal and external †¢Sight, hearing, and propreoceptive cues are most used

Impact of Globalization on International Conflicts

Impact of Globalization on International Conflicts Introduction Globalization is a process that relies upon strategies internationally with the aim of expanding business operations on the face of the world. This is with the help of global communications, which have been made possible due to advancements in technology, developments in the political front, socioeconomic, and the environment. Another definition to globalization is cross-border interactions being intensified and countries depending on one another. This definition shades light on how the international system has changed. Relationships have changed in individual states due to depending on one another and whatever events are ongoing outside their boundaries are more likely to have an impact within their territories. In this paper, we shall look at the conflicts and how different nations are embracing globalization to help root out these conflicts, (Holm and SÃ ¸rensen, 1995).[1] Global change is a rapid process and it is hard to keep track of the new and many developments. Nevertheless, trends are observable and they all add up to globalization. Currently, there is a contradiction in globalization being in full force and the global governance processes that are in existence have insufficient power, the scope and an authority, which ensures that a certain direction is followed, as well as regulations that all lead to beneficial results for all parties involved. Thus, more often than not, globalization does not offer equal effects and it is disruptive. New challenges also have rose in institutions (the public ones), which become less autonomous and are weak in their support. The process of globalization is turbulent, as analysts have found out. In addition, it may be touted as representing a rational economy, however, there is a dark side to it. Critics have always brought out the side of globalization that runs soley on economic power. In addition, it favors the western cultures and their corporations, which puts a lot of communities and jobs at risk. Rich countries have an exploitative nature; they harness cheap labor from countries that are poorer. This creates threats to the environment and does not uphold the principles of democracy and/or social stability. This is through plunging political institutions of the nation into unavoidable forces of change in the economy. Moreover, quite a volume of essays highlight that globalization is uneven, (Holm and SÃ ¸rensen, 1995). This can be analyzed in terms of its processes as well as its effects. It results in concentrations and deprivations which, on average, encompass a well defined structure of power. Globalization creates conflicts, which, on one end, focus on cultural issues as well as identity, and on the other, the issues are primarily economic. From historical archives, social change can be closely associated with the ever-rising levels of conflict. Sorokin did a study, which explored this, largely, (1937: 409-475). His study encompassed twelve countries and it showed to what extent what he refers to as social strife was at its greatest in eras when a certain society was involved in a change that was significant (for example, religion). Such a moment of change is transitional and it cannot pass by without it being muddled in conflicts of values and interests. There is also the paradox of reflectivity. Analysts say that increased reflectivity comes from effects of rapid changes. These changes emanate from societies from all over the world. These rapid changes in turn contribute to incidences of conflict. There is also the effect of globalization in terms of identity. Basically, globalization seeks to homogenize people but it is also a fact that it increases social heterogeneity as an awareness. There are quite a number of groups whose identity rests upon race and ethnicity, religion, and language. These groups have used media in a global sense to voice their discontent. At the end of cold war, ethnic revival was unleashed. It goes without saying that cold war was a conflict [2]among states and it propagated the primal need for a national identity in a worldwide society. During the 1990s, this notion was weakened by globalization. It was less effective in ensuring that people complied or being able to integrate a society nationwide. This means that minorities are better off in reasserting their identity in reference to cultural forces of hegemony. These minorities therefore identify the state as not being a reliable promoter and protector of their interests (which are domestic in natu re). They see the state as collaborating more with external forces (Scholte, 1997). Therefore, in the 1990s, we can argue that conflict is not primarily found between and among states, but rather, the state and its groups. In this case, we can comfortably say that globalization has helped root out conflicts between states but resulted in creating conflicts within the state itself. In the economic world, globalization compels businesses to embrace diverse strategies in relation to the new trend of ideas so as to bring on average the rights and interests of a person and the entire community. This makes the businesses have a competitive front in the world. This also gives business leaders, management, and labor a significant change. This is through accepting the contribution of workers and that of the government so that company strategies and policies are developed and implemented. In this case, globalization has reduced conflicts. It enables companies from different countries to share ideas, transact business together, make dealerships, et al. however, it should be noted that some companies may decide to undertake competition. Either way, it is healthy. Businesses will be motivated to embrace new ideas, strategies, and policies. The reduction of risks can be done through diversification. Companies will be involved with financial institutions internationally and thus making partnerships with businesses locally and with other nations. The process of globalization also increases the dire need for knowledge on the differences of culture between countries as well as the culture of the corporate world. Employers from time to time send their experts to other countries so that they can build subsidiaries and/or support the ones that are already in existence, (Beaverstock, 2012). For a successful subsidiary, language skills are fundamental, so are the influences of the sub culture, the styles of communications of which they are different, societal behaviors. This points out to the fact that in terms of economy, globalization does not create a conflict, it deals away with any conflict that is present. In the economic front, there is what Schumpeter refers to as ‘creative destruction’, (1942: 84). Firms are catapulted into innovation because of competition; surely, a firm cannot just look at its competitors embracing new ideas while it is just stagnant. Innovation here involves both products and the process of production. On the other hand, industries and regions can undergo destruction or marginalization. This is because competitors may become more innovative in a certain area and take lead. In an economy, that has become globalized, national boundaries and distances have diminished, (Ake, 1995: 26). This is because the many obstacles have been done away with thus ensuring market access. Cost of transaction has been reduced significantly as well as the time [3]and distance being compressed and this refers to the international transactions. Several changes have been brought about by globalization. They include trade dynamics, flow of capital, and technology transfer. Markets and production present in different countries have made these countries depend on one another. International competition, as said earlier, is increasing in intensity and in turn increases the strategic interactions across the border. This further makes the various business enterprises to organize and structure themselves into transnational networks. Globalization is characterized by increasing interdependence on various levels. For example, foreign direct investment goes hand in hand with technology t ransfer and the knowhow. It also includes the flow of capital, which is in form of international loans, equity, profit repatriation, et al. this facilitates the export of goods and services from countries that are investing. In this case, also, globalization has brought countries together to a united economic front. The aim is to develop interdependent business across different countries. It is due to globalization that we have trade blocs, (Sorensen, 2004). Members in the same block undertake transactions as it were within their national boundaries. However, we can note that the countries outside this trade bloc suffer from what is called trade diversion. This country will not be able to get the benefits the countries within the bloc are getting. It is from this trade ties that conflicts arise. A country may feel sidelined and thus any ties to the countries in the trade bloc may be severed. Conclusion Globalization by definition is a process, which relies on international strategies while aiming to expand businesses globally. The goal of globalization in this case is to give organizations an upper hand in competition through lowering costs, increased number of products as well as services and customers. Globalization has an hand in conflict creation as well as conflict resolution. In the economic arena, globalization has unified various economies and countries. International trade is now a possibility and countries depend on one another. Cross border costs when conducting trade have been lifted and transport and communication between countries conducting trade have been improved. Borrowing of ideas for implementation in other countries has also resulted because of globalization. New businesses have been started in other countries and this is because there are set policies and strategies. In addition, for businesses to be global, knowledge and language skills come in handy to under standing a foreign market and knowing the consumer needs. Globalization also enhances cultural diversity. People from different ethnic groups, big and small, have a worldwide audience for their cultural values and beliefs. Lastly, international trade may be facilitated by globalization, however, due to the emergence of trade blocs, some countries are left out. This is trade diversion and it may create a conflict between countries in a trade bloc and those without. This means, therefore, that globalization increases and reduces conflicts in the international system at the same time. However, the larger part it plays is to reduce conflicts or resolve them. Reference List Ake, C. 1995. The new world order: a view from Africa. In Holm, Hans-Henrik and SÃ ¸rensen, Georg Eds., Whose World Order: Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War, Boulder: West view. Beaverstock, J. V. (2012). Highly skilles international labour migration and worldcities:expatriates, executives and entrepreneurs. In B. Derruder, M. Hoyler, P. J. Taylor, F.Witlox, International Handbook of Globalisation and World cities (pp. 240-249). Cheltenham, Uk: Edward Elgar Publication Ltd. Scholte, Jan Aart. 1997. constructions of collective identity in a time of globalisation.http://nexxus.com.cwru.edu/amjdc/papers/76. Schumpeter, Joseph. 1942. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper. Sorensen, G. (2004).The transformation of the state – beyond the myth of retreat;Palgrave Macmillan. Sorokin, P.A. 1937. Social and cultural dynamics, vol III, fluctuations of social relationships, war and revolution. New York: America Books Co. Holm, Hans-Henrik and Georg SÃ ¸rensen. 1995. Introduction: what has changed. In Holm and SÃ ¸rensen, Whose World Order: Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War. Boulder: West view. [1] Holm, Hans-Henrik and Georg SÃ ¸rensen. 1995. Introduction: what has changed. In Holm and SÃ ¸rensen, Whose World Order: Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War. Boulder: West view. [2] Sorokin, P.A. 1937. Social and cultural dynamics, Vol. III, fluctuations of social relationships, war and revolution. New York: America Books Co. Scholte, Jan Aart. 1997. Constructions of collective identity in a time of globalization.http://nexxus.com.cwru.edu/amjdc/papers/76. [3] Sorensen, G. (2004).The transformation of the state – beyond the myth of retreat;Palgrave Macmillan

The Advantages Of Online Banner Advertising

The Advantages Of Online Banner Advertising INTRODUCTION E-commerce which is also known as electronic commerce, it is online commerce verses actual-world commerce. E-commerce contains retail shopping, investment, banking, stocks and bonds trading, sales, real estate dealings, airline reservation, movie payments. It is almost everything you can visualise in the real world. Even personal services such as hair salons can advantage from e-commerce by providing a website for the sale of connected wellbeing and attractiveness goods, usually accessible to local customers wholly. While e-commerce once required a luxurious interface and individual security certificate, this is no longer the situation. Virtual storefronts are offered by a diversity of hosting services and great Internet occurrences such as eBay and Yahoo, which offer turnkey solutions to sellers with slight or no online knowledge. Tools for running effective e-commerce websites are made into the hosting servers, removing the need for the individual trade to reform the wheel. These tools include advantages like inventory and sales logs, and the ability to accept a diversity of expense choices including secure credit card transactions. The rising popularity of e-commerce is clear considering the time and bother involved in running from store to store, penetrating for an item in the world. It not only takes valuable time and energy, but petrol. With todays busy cities and high gas charges, shopping online every time the mood strikes even in the middle of the night, it has indisputable and unassailable benefits. Not only is it suitable to shop at a countless of sellers from the comfort of your computer chair but its also a snap to find the best deal by allowing sites such as PriceGrabber examine through hundreds of vendors for you. As a result, global world businesses often cannot compete with their e-commerce complements, though one does have to watch for exaggerated shipping payments that might disprove savings. Type of Online Advertising Banner Advertising The first kind of advertising ever done on the net was banner advertising. A banner can highlight a companys product/service/offer and by clicking on it the user will be taken to that companys website, where the company can create a suitable landing page to provide their further information. Banners spaces usually were sold by banner views, impressions, but it is sometimes sold by click-thru, where the company pays only when the user clicks on the banner. To post a banner advertisement, the company can do either or all of the following: a) Banner exchange where another website displays the companys advertisement in exchange of the company displaying for them b) Pay publisher sites to post the companys banner c) Pay a banner network to post the banner advertisement on a number of publisher sites Advantages of Online Banner Advertising Get more website traffic and sales With banner advertisement, companies can put their message in front of future customers. It also drives clicks to their website and sales from interested audiences. Advertise new products Banner advertisements can help companies to advertise their new products because banner advertisements give them the freedom to say what they want not only with text but also photos and animation. Build brand Companys brand name is one of companys most important assets. By building trust with their customers, customers are more likely to purchase from them, not just once, but repeatedly. Banner advertisements allow them to get their website name and even their logo in front of their audience. Find new customers With search engine advertising, people have to know to look for the companies product or name. But with banner ads, companies can put their message right in front of the people. Introduce themselves to new customers to win new business. Easy and cost-effective Banner advertising has been put within reach of small businesses by new services. Online tools now let companies make free banner advertisements and buy online advertising space quickly and easily. Disadvantages of Online Banner Advertising Cost considerations Banner advertisements can be rather expensive for small businesses as it may cost several thousand dollars per month to put an advertisement on a site with a high level of traffic. Creating effective banners Even if a banner is well-placed, it will not attract the interest of surfers or generate traffic for the companies website unless it is well-designed. Suggestion for Improvement Size Some banner advertisement is too small to be noticed while some is too big causes the banner to look very disturbing. The size should be around medium size. Graphic Insert some graphic in the banner such as animation or cartoon characters might attract the viewers even more. Facebook Advertising Facebook Advertising has grown-up in popularity and formed quite a stir when it was head introduced. Ever since the arrival of aiming advertising more exactly towards demographics such as age, sex, education and so on. And having tighter limitations on advertising quality, Facebook advertising has been a feasible traffic builder and advertising choice for minor and huge size commerce. Advantages To reach target customers, connect with more than 500 million potential customers (100 million mobile users) cannot be overlooked. There are more Google searches that are being done, the customer reach for Facebook advertising is massive and needs to be utilized. Because of its ability to divide and segment customer information, Facebook has the ability to offer increased targeting for their advertisers. If you would like to only target women, ages 20-30 with a university education that live in California, then you can do that. Likewise when someone changes status such as single, engaged or married they move into new markets, making them more attractive to target. With the ability to target locally very exact, corporations and services that are looking for local or regional clients can gain benefits from the Facebook advertising system. It is to find a successful with Local Clients. Disadvantages People are using Facebook to talk with their friends and socialize and rarely are thinking about buying something when they log into their Facebook account. This creates issues when firms are focusing on click through rate (>2.5-5%) conversion rates. One thing that Facebook has continued to try and crack down on is advertising campaigns that make their way into the system that are inappropriate and off putting to users of the system. Free give ways, rewards programs and comedy sites have continued to flood the system, giving the advertising less relevance when the consumer is viewing them. Suggestion for Improvement Graphic Insert more graphic in the facebook advertisements such as animation or cartoon characters might attract the viewers even more. There are plenty of advertisers that complain about how long it takes to get Facebook advertising approved. So, two options are immediately obvious. Automate it. Hire more interns. Reaching Facebook Users Through PPC Advertisements hansdorsch Conclusion Online advertising means doing advertising activities through internet network not only at local places but also worldwide. Online advertising is very effective as nowadays many people have access to internet. They can see the advertisement when they were surfing the internet. Meanwhile, normal advertising means doing advertising through media such as television, radio, newspaper, brochures and others. Television and radio advertising can be both effective and not effective. These two advertising can be effective as many people likes to watch television and listen to the radio. These two advertising can be not effective because the advertisement that are broadcast may not be the advertisement that viewer or listener wish to know. Therefore online advertising is better than normal advertising and the best online advertising method is Facebook advertising. This is because nowadays, Facebook is a social network that connects to people around the world. Facebook had become very famous not only for teenagers and children but also adults. Some people may spend up to 12 hours a day just for Facebook. So by using Facebook advertising, Facebook users may be able to see the advertisements and click on it if they were interested.

Essay --

Morality is the single most controversial and mind-boggling train of thought currently known to human-kind, and no particular individual more so exemplifies this conflict (or better summarizes my own personal beliefs) than Niccolà ² Machiavelli. Few writers in the whole of the human history have inspired the kind of personal hatred that Machiavelli has in the last 500 years, and few works have been as vilified, (or as popular) as The Prince. Machiavelli has been slandered and portrayed as a defender of tyrannical government, an atheistic promoter of immorality, and a manipulator whose interests were all self-serving. Today, the Oxford dictionary still characterizes "Machiavellian" as "of, like, or characterized by the political principles and methods of expediency, craftiness, and duplicity set forth in Machiavelli's book, The Prince; crafty, deceitful, and so on." Folk legend holds that "Old Nick," a slang term for the Devil, is derived from Machiavelli's first name, Niccolà ². Wi th that context kept in mind, isn’t morality founded on a specific set of core ideas? Isn’t it always defined by the acknowledgement of a central moral allegiance dominating all the others? From individualism to families, from tribalism to racism, from nationalism to religious fundamentalism or the allegiance to a totalitarian party what we see is the drawing of different â€Å"circles† centered on a basic, paramount moral norm. And Machiavelli is definitely not isolated in positing the interest of the nation as the foundation of his moral thinking. At the beginning of the 21st century we are still living within that same ideal nationalist realism. What could be more â€Å"Machiavellian† than the saying â€Å"My nation right or wrong†, which seems to be a still very popul... ...day? How can we maintain that, in an era when, from migrations to terrorism to the Tsunami to Chernobyl to aviary flu to AIDS, we are obliged to cope with challenges that are global, â€Å"group ethics† (be it tribal, religious or nationalistic) matches our reality, our needs, our stage of human development? We are definitely not on the eve of a global state, and yet we are no longer able to confine our economic, political, cultural but also moral scope within the limits of the borders of our national republic. There is no easy solution to our moral quandrums (another much discussed idea in the Discourses. Machiavelli’s daring, his awareness of unadorned reality, his honesty and anti-hypocrisy, his republican commitment can help us, if we are able to grasp the essence of his politics and his ethics, also in this very complex and problematic stage of human development.

Private life of a Baseball player :: Athletics Sports Essays

Private life of a Baseball player American Baseball is so popular that lots of good player from other country have dream to become a member of Major league. So do the players from my country. Some players started playing in big teams such as LA Dodgers, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and Texas Rangers. Other players started from minor league. MLB is not anymore game for only American people. Fans from all over around the world want to watch ball game through broadcasting. In America, there are a few baseball players who came from South Korea, and they are doing well in MLB teams. Since baseball became so popular sports and international business, players got paid lots of money, and the reporters wants to disclose their private life of famous players in order to sell more and more issues of newspapers. Sometimes, they are trying to dig out something embarrassed stuff about certain player by tailing after them. Such a behavior of reporters can be the cause of an accident between baseball players and reporters such a s arguing, or fighting. What I am going to write down and argue about is an accident which was happened between reporter of sports news paper and a baseball player. To summarize what and how that accident happened, one of those players, who called Byunghyun, Kim, had been distressed because he could not do well as one of pitcher. After the season was finished, he came back to South Korea as his hometown. What he needed was just a rest, refreshing his mind and concentrating on his training. Except few people, he tried not to let anybody notice that he came back to his country. Because he knew that he would get bothered by lots of reporters with bunch of questions about what he did during season and what he is going to do for next season. While he was staying, he tried to get some rests and train by working out with his friend in health clinic center. Unfortunately, there was the reporter who knew the fact which Mr. Kim came back and rest a while by training. The reporter started to follow him without any permission and tried to catch something interesting story for newspaper article so that he could became the famous reporter. On the way go back from health center to home, that paparazzo took couple of pictures from the behind of Mr.

The Seagram Building Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Seagram Building is prime example of the international style of design in the 20th century. The building is a true landmark of the city having an open plaza at the base of the building with high ceilings, floor to ceiling tinted windows and bronze mullions. Its imperious design, set in a plaza with fountain, was imitated many times and became an icon of North American corporate design. Mies is known as the father of the steel and glass structure. Mies designed many buildings during his life however none of the would be as popular and famous as the Seagram Building. In real estate and architecture, some dreams need a lot of staying power to get realized. The Seagram Building is the realization, some three decades late, of Mies van der Rohe's dream of a glass-covered, high-rise office tower that would provide a stunning monument to the International Style's faith in simplicity and clarity. The Seagram building is the prime example of Mies' masterful use of steel. The bronze sheathed skyscraper soars thirty-eight stories high from its 90-foot deep pink granite plaza. Volume is everywhere apparent in this building, from the great columns that bring the structure to the ground to the welded bronze mullions holding the glass sheets in place. As enormous of a project this was, great attention was paid to purity and precision of design, following the fundamentals of the style. Details from doorknobs to stainless steel furniture throughout the building, spacious layout and functional use of all elements from interior office space to shower rooms, the Picasso backdrop signaling the entrance, the cantilevered portico entrance, and the luminous ceiling, make this one of the worlds most elegant skyscrapers. More importantly, pertaining to the International Style, Mies has expressed his elegant use of materials, and technological perfection throughout the building. Mies' well known theory of â€Å"less is more† is apparent by the spaciousness and functional quality of the Seagram building; everything serves a purpose, either for aesthetic appeal or functionality. â€Å"Less is more† is a concept used throughout the architectural world today. â€Å"Mies van der Rohe stands as a great moral force of the International Style. The essence of architecture, to Mies, lies in the expression of structure. And his precise, sophisticated, and consistent style of architecture sets an exam... ...ir-conditioning (HVAC) equipment. This is more a conservative than a cool corporate environment, energized by the warmth of its bronze color and the rhythmic repetitive pattern of its fenestration. â€Å"Like a well-bred lady who is confident enough not to wear the emperor's new clothes, the Seagram Building has a sophisticated arrogance that can wilt trendy fashions with the authority of its posture and demeanor.† I had a chance to visit this building and as I stood under the edge of the building looking upward I was amazed by the beauty and precision, and stunned by the size and splendor. Inside I could not get past the entrance and a guard told me I wasn’t allowed to take pictures. The interior with its light colored marble walls and double height ceiling is breathtaking, I stood there and I felt a tremble run through my body. I can honestly say this is one of my favorite buildings in New York. Bibliography Glancey, Jonathan. Twentieth Century Architecture. London: Carlton Books Limited,1998. Schulze, Fraz. The Seagram Building. NJ: Princeton Architectural Press. 1999. http://www.comkey.net/daniel/seagram.htm http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Seagram_Building.html

Orange County’s Own Wave of Ska Essay

Throughout history, many musical cultures have affected others. Whether it be by new governmental forces coming into power, or through migrations of populations into a different areas, music travels just as well as the humans that produce it do. In the mid 1990’s, the relaxed beach towns of Orange County rose to be one of the major hotspots of the 3rd wave Ska generation in the United States, being the hometown to well-known bands such as Reel Big Fish, Sublime, and No Doubt. Ska music is known for its energetic beats, melodic horns, and reggae vibe. The third wave ska scene in Orange County attracted young kids from the suburbs out to a community, developing a unique sense of style and culture — celebrating individuality, fun, and a carefree attitude, staying true to the Orange County beach culture. The beginnings of the Ska genre can be traced to the island nation of Jamaica in the mid 1950s. Initially, it was defined as â€Å"a kind of ham-fisted combination of American rhythm and blues and Caribbean folk styles, such as calypso and mento† (Selvin). This melting pot of sounds was credited to the fact that post World War II, the inhabitants of Jamaica were able to listen in on American radios due to American soldiers’ stationings. Tourism and other outside forces have always had an influence on Jamaican music, with textbooks coining that â€Å"Caribbean musics have participated in significant ways in globalized networks of music-making†¦ that have historically emerged in response to travel in the Caribbean† (Nettl 345). With Jamaica’s music culture being accepting and adapting to outside instrumentation and styles, they were able to create a genre that appealed the to United States as well. With warm weather found in all twelve months throughout the year, a relaxed coastal feel throughout the area, and a strong teenage population, Orange County in southern California made for the perfect location for a brand new era of Ska music. With many rock alternative bands such as Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Stone Temple Pilots emerging in the late 1980s and early 1990s, their hardcore, energetic music did not completely comply with the easygoing demeanor of Orange County. The rise of rock alternative though did create a gateway for the new, third, wave of ska. Compromising both with the popular alternative scene and with the relaxed reggae-centric vibe of conventional ska, the Third Wave Ska movement was formed. Throughout the 1990s many small ska bands loosely formed. Rooted from childhood friends to garage parties, the initial intentions of this genre were to create a subculture for teenagers to escape and somewhat rebel from Orange County’s conservative norm. As the neighborhood concerts and beach music festivals grew and grew around this time period, so did the genre of music itself. Seemingly overnight, the once seldomly known style of ska became a growing fruit, ripe from the county of Orange. Recognition of this craze continued, both by word of mouth as well as in the media. â€Å"The Orange County Register first mentioned the invasion in May, 1996, with a piece that asked ‘Is ska Orange County’s next big thing’ Many OC acts were now benefiting from the success of No Doubt, and Sublime, including ska-punkers Reel Big Fish and Goldfinger† (Apter 164). Once Orange County local acts were now topping Billboard Charts and receiving much airplay across the nation. Anaheim native band No Doubt’s smash 1995 single â€Å"Don’t Speak†, a mellow ska-centric song, was at the number one spot on Billboard’s â€Å"Hot 100 Radio Airplay† chart for sixteen weeks and was also nominated for Song of the Year at the Grammy’s. Along with No Doubt’s success, other Orange County ska bands such as Sublime, The Aquabats, and Slightly Stoopid were able to follow. Despite its tremendous success, it is important to remember ska’s humble beginnings and that it still is prevalent in its birth area. With an aggressive alternative scene in the Los Angeles area, the relaxed ska appealed to most teenagers living within Orange County. Events such as the Van’s Warped Tour and summer beach concerts made it easy for the third wave ska movement to be seen by many throughout the area. Due to Orange County’s conservative culture, there exists a bit of animosity from parents whose children listen to the liberal genre. Composed with fast paced reggae-influenced instruments and with lyrics hinting to marijuana usage, alcohol, and even sometimes drugs, many were disrupted by the controversial messages the songs gave to the teenagers that listened to them. Aside from the belligerent ideas that may come from the genre, ska is mostly known for being a high-energy style with a hint of rapping vocals mixed with a few harmonies that all transform into having a feel good time with others. The history of ska still is prevalent in the beach areas of Orange County. Even though it is not as popular as it once was, it has branched out and gave rise to more reggae based bands nowadays. Teenage offspring trying to go against conservative mindsets of their parents have always found a musical outlet, as will their offspring. This outlet can have both negative and positive effects on oneself, depending on how they interpret this high energy, beach-vibe style. An alumni of this culture may still be dressed in board shorts, a ripped up tank top, a pair of Rainbow sandals as well as a pair of cheap sunglasses. Even though some have outgrown the style, it will be remembered from them that ska was the source of their most memorable teenage experiences. Works Cited Apter, Jeff. Gwen Stefani & No Doubt: A Simple Kind of Life. London: Omnibus, 2008. Print. Nettl, Bruno. Excursions in World Music. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2011. Print. Selvin, Joel. â€Å"A Brief History of Ska.† San Francisco Chronicle 23 Mar. 2008: n. pag. Print.

Is Homeschooling More Beneficial for Students Than Public School? Essay

Is homeschooling more beneficial for students than public school? Deciding whether homeschooling is good for your child or not, I’ve always been caught off guard with the topic. When I think about it, I wonder if my son would do better in public school with a bunch of strangers, or would he do better with me teaching him one-on-one with no distractions? 1. Social Interaction 2. Safety 3. Performance 4. Cost When thinking about homeschooling your child, one thing that comes to mind is wondering if the isolation will affect your child physically and/or emotionally, or possibly causes them depression in the future. â€Å"The homeschoolers scored as â€Å"well adjusted.† In one study, trained counselors viewed videotapes of mixed groups of homeschooled and schooled children at play. The counselors didn’t know the school status of each child. The results? The homeschooled kids demonstrated fewer behavioral problems. Dr. Lines’ conclusion? â€Å"There is no basis to question the social development of homeschooled children.† (Social Skills and Homeschooling: Myths and facts’ By: Isabel Shaw). This article would be a pro to those who are looking into homeschooling their child. What parent wouldn’t want their child to have less behavioral issues? So far, homeschooling is sounding more and more like a good idea. Every parent thinks about their child leav ing home to go to school with so many strange people they don’t know, and of course they worry. Some think of it as a good duration for a break. While other parents are extremely worried due to past unfortunate experiences that have occurred in public schools. Is homeschooling safer? As a parent myself, I definitely wouldn’t hesitate to say that my son staying home is a lot more safe than sending him to school. But is it worth it? What is the likelihood of something bad happening to a public school? â€Å"5. Safety To my knowledge, I would say it is safer to homeschool. Last year, there were reports of serious school violence on a daily basis. I’ve been told the number of families that chose to homeschool skyrocketed after the murders and shootings at the various schools around the country.† (‘Ten Questions About Homeschooling’ By: Isabel Shaw the Homeschooling expert). The biggest concern that I would see with parents regarding homeschool would be performance. Will the child actually learn things while being homeschooled? Will they take it seriously? Will it be boring for the child, or will they love to do school activities? It’s unpredictable. â€Å"Statistics do not just speak favorably about minorities but all students who homeschool, regardless of their demographics. The study â€Å"Strengths of Their Own: Home Schoolers Across America† completed in 1997, included 5,402 students that homeschool. The study verified that on average, homeschoolers were performing higher than their public school equivalent â€Å"by 30 to 37 percentile points in all subjects† (Klicka, 2006, p . 1). This seems to be the case in all studies performed on homeschoolers; however, due to the lack of standard test practices in each state and no unbiased collection of these scores, it is hard to determine the exact average score for homeschooling families.† (‘Homeschooling Student Performance Why Homeschooling is on the Rise’ By: Autumn Burke). Last but not least, the most concerning part of homeschooling is the cost. I have always heard that the cost of homeschooling is very expensive, especially if the parents want the child to be successful. It takes a lot of money and a lot of patients to thoroughly teach your child what they need to know. Paying for homeschooling is a lot more expensive than public school but from the research I have applied to this writing, I would say that it’s worth every penny. In an article named ‘Cost of Homeschooling VS Public School’ shows that the average parent who pays for public school costs can pay at an average of $10,000 per year! That’s a lot more than what I expected. On the other hand, the average cost for a student whose homeschooled states to cost no more than $1000. (‘Cost of Homeschooling VS Public School’ By: Sopater). As a result to comparing homeschooling to public school, I would say homeschooling would be the most beneficial for your child and you.

Looking At The Term Omnidirectional Imaging Film Studies Essay

First, allow ‘s specify the term – â€Å" omnidirectional † . The term â€Å" omnidirectional † is derives from a prefix â€Å" omni † which forms the significance â€Å" all † or â€Å" every † while â€Å" directional † is bespeaking a way in infinite. Hence, this term â€Å" omnidirectional † implies an equal sensitiveness in all directional. Normally, this term is widely used in the telecommunications field such as omnidirectional mike which is a device that can pick up sound from all around it. Other than this, an omnidirectional aerial can direct or have signals every bit good in all waies and a VHF omnidirectional scope ( VOR ) is used as a wireless pilotage system for aircraft. Due to the advancing of the engineering, the use has been expanded to other field of designs. For illustration, an omnidirectional treadmill is used as a treadmill that allows a individual to walk in any way without traveling. Besides this, there is a specially design wheel that allows motion in any way and normally use into automatons which is called Mecanum Wheel. In picture taking, an omnidirectional camera is a camera that can see all 360 grades around it. All of these executions have referred to the impression of bing in every way. Omnidirectional imagination shows a 360 grades ocular position which has a similar construct with an omnidirectional camera. This sort of imagination is of import in several countries such as security force. The security force applies this construct as a ocular surveillance which can cut down the offense rates and increase the safety of the populace as shown in Figure 1. This is due to the omnidirectional vision shows a broad angle of position which has the ability to see around 360 grades. Figure 1: The camera with hemispherical FOV for big country surveillance application The omnidirectional image is round form and must be unwrapped to obtain a bird's-eye image as depicted in Figure 2. ( a ) ( B ) Figure 2: Image taken by an omnidirectional camera with a inflated mirror. Figure ( a ) indicates the omnidirectional image. Figure ( B ) indicates the corresponding bird's-eye image. Although omnidirectional images allow increasing the field of position ( FOV ) , some jobs arise. Anamorphosis in omnidirectional images introduces complexness in image processing and reading such as optical flow calculation. Optical flow is computed from images spatio-temporal derived functions in order to gauge the evident gesture in a digital image sequence. Using appropriate gesture theoretical accounts, the pels evident gesture can be related to the camera gesture. Refering omnidirectional images, a simple camera interlingual rendition implies a complex evident gesture. Indeed, a camera interlingual rendition does non bring forth an evident interlingual rendition of all the pels in the image. Figure 3 has depicted both status explained above. Figure: Pixels gesture for a classical camera interlingual rendition ( a ) and for an omnidirectional camera ( B ) Ordinary cameras used in machine vision either have a narrow field of position ( FOV ) or have a broad FOV but suffer from complex deformation. It can be hard to undo a broad FOV image to obtain perspective projection positions accurately. Based strictly on the ideal perspective projection imaging theoretical account, it has been shown that surfaces of revolution of conelike subdivision curves are the lone mirror forms that can be paired with a individual convergence projection camera to make single-viewpoint ( SVP ) , catadioptric omnidirectional position systems whose omniview image can be unwrapped to perspective projection positions without systematic deformations. By utilizing multiple normal cameras positioned decently in relation to a plane mirror pyramid, a high declaration, SVP, broad FOV system can be built. The trade-offs, though, are the high monetary value and complexnesss involved with multiple cameras. Bulky size, weight, standardization, synchronism, and addition differences are jobs associated with multi-camera systems that single-camera systems are free of. An SVP system is worthwhile if the benefits outweigh the drawbacks for a peculiar application. The advantages of the single-camera, SVP, catodioptric household of omnidirectional imaging systems come with a monetary value. The most important tradeoff is a much lower image spacial declaration compared with normal cameras, multi-camera omniview systems, or revolving normal camera scanning system because single-camera, SVP, catadioptric systems have an enlarged FOV without a corresponding addition in the figure of physical feeling units ( e.g. , pels ) .Omnidirectional Image Scree ning SystemAn omnidirectional imagination system consisting a brooding mirror for sing object within a hemisphere field of position form a individual practical position point at the local centre of said brooding mirror, a projector for projecting a light beam toward said brooding mirror, and a variable wavelength filter optically positioned between said projector and said brooding mirror for bring forthing a form holding a spatially distributed wavelength spectrum of said brooding mirror, where a generator responsive to the hemispherical image informations for bring forthing 3-dimensional image.Field of InventionThe innovation presents a set of methods and setup for omnidirectional stereo imagination. By â€Å" omnidirectional imagination system † , we mean a system that is able to get images with a field-of-view ( FOV ) covering full hemisphere ( 180 solid infinite angle ) , at the same time without any mechanical moving portion. The FOV of a conventional camera or a light p rojector can be dramatically increased by using a brooding mirror decently placed in forepart of the camera or the projector. A brace of omnidirectional cameras is able to organize a alone stereo imagination of environing scene with 360 degree position angle. A combination of an omnidirectional camera and an omnidirectional structured visible radiation projector can besides supply a agencies to obtain quantitative three dimensional measurings of the objects around the camera system. The omnidirectional three dimentional imaging methods and setup presented herein may offer alone solutions to many practical systems that need coincident 360 grade sing angle and three dimensional measuring capableness. A figure of attacks had been proposed in the yesteryear for imaging systems to accomplish broad FOV. None of them nevertheless is able to bring forth 3D omnidirectional images. In the undermentioned paragraphs, we give a briefly study on the stake-of-the-art of current imaging systems that seek to accomplish broad FOV. Before the innovation of omnidirectional camera, a camera with revolving parts is used to capture image in all way. Although it produce high declaration of image, but it takes some clip in capturing it. Hence, some attack has been proposed in the yesteryear for imaging system to accomplish a broad field-of-view ( FOV ) . However, none of them is able to bring forth 3D omnidirectional images. Presently, there are some imaging systems are produced to seek for a broad FOV: Conventional Cameras Most bing imaging systems employ electronic detector french friess or photographic movie to enter optical image collected by its optical lens system. The image projection for most camera lenses is modeled as a â€Å" pin-hole † with a individual centre of projection. Since sizes of camera lens and the imagination detector have their practical restrictions, the light beams that can be collected by a camera lens and received by the imagination device typically organize a maize with really little gap angle. Therefore, angular FOV for conventional camera is within a scope of 5 to 50 grades. For illustration, an 8.5 millimeter F/1.3 camera lens for 1/2 † CCD ( Charge Coupled Device ) bit merely has an angular FOV of 41.2 grade. Fish-Eye Lenss Optical applied scientists had designed several versions of wide-viewing-angle lens system, called the fish-eye lens. The fish-eye lens features a really short focal length which, when used in topographic point of conventional camera lens, enables the camera to see object for much wider angle ( about 180 grade of hemisphere ) . In general, the wider FOV, the more complicated design the fish-eye lens has. To obtain a hemispherical FOV, the fish-eye lens must be rather big in dimension, complex in optical design, and therefore expensive. Besides, it is really hard to plan a fish-eye lens that ensures individual position point restraint, i.e. , all incoming chief visible radiation beams intersect at a individual point to organize a fixed point of view. This is so a job with commercial fish-eye lenses, including Nikon ‘s Fisheye-Nikkor 8-mm f/2.8 lens. Although the acquired image by fish-eye lenses may turn out to be good plenty for some visual image applications, the deformation c ompensation issue has non been resolved, and the high unit-cost remain to be major hurdlings for its wide-spread applications. The fish-eye lens technique has the advantage of following a statically positioned camera to get a broad angle of position. However the nonlinear belongings resulted from the semi-spherical optical lens mapping make the declaration along the round boundary of the image really hapless, while the FOV corresponding to the round boundary of the image normally represents a land or floor where a high declaration of image is required. Multi-Camera System or Revolving Imaging Systems Large FOV of objects may be obtained by utilizing multiple cameras in the same system, each point towards a different way. However, issues on seamless integrating of multiple images is farther complicated by the fact that image produced by each camera has different centres of projection. The cost for such a system is normally high. The image processing required by multiple cameras or revolving camera method to obtain precise information on place and AZ of an object takes a long clip, which is non suited for real-time conflict field mold and reconnaissance applications. Another straightforward solution to increasing the FOV of an imagination system is to revolve the full imagination system about its centre of projection An image sequence acquired by the camera at different places are â€Å" sewed † together to obtain a bird's-eye position of the scene. Such an attack has been late proposed by several research workers. A really interesting attack developed by employs a camera with a non-frontal image sensor to scan the universe. The first disadvantage of any revolving image system is that it requires the usage of traveling parts, and preciseness placement devices. A more serious drawback is that such systems lack the capableness of at the same time an geting image with broad FOV. Although such system can get precise azimuth information in omnidirectional position, the imagination procedure is time-consuming and the method is non applicable to real-time jobs such as avoiding hit against traveling obstructions or supervising scene with nomadic objects. This restricts the usage of revolving systems to inactive and non-real-time applications. In contrast, the innovation presented herein, called the omnidirectional camera, is capable of capturing real-time omnidirectional images without utilizing any traveling parts. By â€Å" omnidirectional images † , we mean images with a FOV covering full hemisphere ( 180 solid infinite angle ) , at the same time. As one can see, a bird's-eye camera is still non omnidirectional, since it can merely supply a wide-angle of FOV at certain clip case, non in all waies. Figure: Comparison between our Omnidirectional Camera, bird's-eye camera and conventional camerasBrooding MaterialWhen visible radiation radiation passes from one medium into another holding a different index of refraction, some of the visible radiation is scattered at the interface between the two media even if both are transparent. The coefficient of reflection represents the fraction of the incident visible radiation that is reflected at the interface. In general it must be treated as a directional belongings that is a map of the reflected way, the incident way and the incident wavelength. Mirrors surely have a distinguishable brooding quality most other stuffs do non. This is due to the alone colour, composing and smoothness the mirror has. Polished, glistening metals make good mirrors because metal behaviors electricity good. Since the electronic field inside the metal is zero, negatrons at that place will ever call off out a field that is non zero ( even if the field originates outside the metal ) . Since light travels in electromagnetic moving ridges, when it hits a mirror ( most frequently made with sprayed Ag and glass ) , the lone manner to call off out the field and put it to zero is to reflect those moving ridges back out, hence a contemplation. This procedure is similar to singing a long rope attached on one terminal. If you give a hanging rope with one loose terminal one, large shingle, the rope will beckon to the top, and so back down. This is what happens when light hits a mirror. Some molecules hold light and convert some of it to heat. These stuffs are normally black. White stuffs have molecules that about instantly let go of visible radiation after absorbing it. There is an full scope of soaking up in different colourss. Metal works good for mirrors because it reflects seeable visible radiation on all parts of the surface at the same clip. While unsmooth surfaces do reflect visible radiation ( depending on colour and composing ) , they typically reflect visible radiation in all waies. You can see this in concrete, for illustration. It seems to scintillate because it reflects light, but non in one way or ordered manner. Mirrors, nevertheless, do reflect in one way. Because metal ( including metal pigment ) is smooth, it ‘s the best stuff for mirrors.Visible Spectrum WavelengthElectromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation is considered to be wave-like, dwelling of electric and magnetic field constituents that are perpendicular to each other and besides to the way of extension. Electromagnetic radiation consists of visible radiation, heat or beaming energy, radio detection and ranging, moving ridges, and X raies. Each of it has a specific scope of wavelengths. Figure: An electromagnetic moving ridge demoing electric field, magnetic field constituents and the wavelength. Figure: The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Visible visible radiation prevarications within a really narrow part of the spectrum with wavelengths runing between about 0.4 micron and 0.7 micron. The sensed colour is determined by the wavelength ; for illustration, radiation holding wavelength of about 0.4 micron appears to be violet, whereas green and ruddy colour occur at about 0.5 and 0.65 micron severally.CoatingMetallic elements are opaque and extremely brooding. The sensed colour is determined by the wavelength distribution of the radiation that is reflected and non absorbed. A bright silvery visual aspect when exposed to white light indicates that the metal is extremely brooding over the full scope of the seeable spectrum. Aluminum and Ag are two metals that exhibit this brooding behaviour. Copper and gilded appear red-orange and yellow severally because of the energy associated with white light photons holding short wavelength is non reemitted as seeable visible radiation. The huge bulk of optical constituents are made of assorted types of glass, and the bulk of those objects are coated with thin beds of particular stuffs. The intent of these coatings is to modify the contemplation and transmittal belongingss of the constituents ‘ surfaces. High-reflection coatings can be applied to the exterior of an object. For illustration, a level piece of glass is used to bring forth a first-surface mirror. Alternately, they can be applied to an internal surface to bring forth a second-surface mirror, which is used to build certain prisms. High-reflection coatings can be classified as either insulator or metallic coatings. Metallic coatings are used chiefly for mirrors. They do non trust on the rules of optical intervention but instead on the physical and optical belongingss of the surfacing stuff. However, metallic coatings are frequently over-coated with thin dielectric movies to increase the coefficient of reflection over a coveted scope of wavelengths or scope of incidence angles. Over-coating metallic coatings with a difficult, individual, dielectric bed of half-wave optical thickness improves scratch and tarnish opposition but merely marginally affects optical belongingss. Depending on the insulator used, such over-coated metals are referred to as lasting, protected or hard-coated metallic reflectors. The chief advantages of metallic coatings are broadband spectral public presentation, insensitiveness to angle of incidence and polarisation, and low cost. Their primary disadvantages include lower lastingness, lower coefficient of reflection and lower harm threshold. Today ‘s multilayer dielectric coatings are unusually difficult and lasting. With proper attention and handling, they can hold long life lastingness. Quarter-wave thicknesses of alternately high- and low-refractive index stuffs are applied to the substrate to organize a dielectric multilayer stack, as shown in figure. By taking stuffs of appropriate refractile indexes, the assorted reflected wave-fronts can be made to interfere constructively to bring forth a extremely efficient reflector. The extremum coefficient of reflection value is dependent upon the ration of the refractile indices of the two stuffs, every bit good as the figure of layer braces. Increasing either increases the coefficient of reflection. Over limited wavelength intervals, the coefficient of reflection of a dielectric surfacing easy can be made to transcend the highest coefficient of reflection of a metallic coating. Furthermore, the coatings are effectual for both s- and p-polarization constituents, and can be designed for a broad angle of incident scope. However, at angles that are significantly distant from the design angle, coefficient of reflection is markedly reduced. CVI Melles Griot is a taking provider of preciseness optical constituents and multielement optical system. CVI Melles Griot shows that: Our protected gold, Ag, and aluminum coatings exhibit exceeding broadband coefficient of reflection and are practical for many applications. Typical utilizations for these mirrors include single-use applications where the experiment itself amendss the mirror. A assortment of diameters and square sizes are offered, including an 8 † ten 8 † protected aluminium version.CoatingProtected GoldProtected SilverProtected AluminumSubstrate Float Glass Thickness 3.2 A ± 0.25 millimeter Coefficient of reflection Ravg & gt ; 96 % from 800 nm – 20 A µm Ravg & gt ; 97.5 % from 450 – 2 A µm Ravg & gt ; 96 % from 2 – 20 A µm Ravg & gt ; 90 % from 450 nm – 2 A µm Ravg & gt ; 95 % from 2 – 20 A µm Damage Threshold 2 J/cm2 1064 nanometer, 10 N, 10 Hertz 3 J/cm2 1064 nanometer, 10 N, 10 Hertz 0.3 J/cm2 1064 nanometer, 10 N, 10 Hertz Front Surface Flatness & lt ; 5I »/inch @ 633 nanometer Diameter Tolerance +0.0/-0.25 millimeter Clear Aperture & gt ; 90 % of Surface Surface Quality 60-40 Scratch-DigALoading†¦ Materials those are capable of conveying visible radiation with comparatively small soaking up and contemplation is transparent-one can see through them. Translucent stuffs are those through which visible radiation is transmitted diffusely ; that is, visible radiation is scattered within the inside, to the grade that objects are non clearly distinguishable when viewed through a specimen of the stuff. Materials that are imperviable to the transmittal of seeable visible radiation are termed opaque. When light returns from one medium into another, several things happen. Some of the light radiation may be transmitted through the medium, some will be absorbed and some will be reflected at the interface between the two media. Most of the captive radiation is reemitted from the surface in the signifier of seeable visible radiation of the same wavelength which appears as reflected visible radiation. The coefficient of reflection for most metals is between 0.9 – 0.95 and some little fraction of energy from electron decay procedure is dissipated as heat. Metallic elements are opaque and extremely brooding. The sensed colour is determined by the wavelength distribution of the radiation that is reflected and non absorbed. A bright silvery visual aspect when exposed to white light indicates that the metal is extremely brooding over the full scope of the seeable spectrum. Aluminum and Ag are two metals that exhibit this brooding behaviour. Copper and gilded appear red-orange and yellow severally because of the energy associated with white light photons holding short wavelength is non reemitted as seeable visible radiation. When visible radiation radiation passes from one medium into another holding a different index of refraction, some of the visible radiation is scattered at the interface between the two media even if both are transparent. The coefficient of reflection represents the fraction of the incident visible radiation that is reflected at the interface. If the visible radiation is normal or perpendicular to the interface, so Where and are the indices of refraction of the two media. If the incident visible radiation is non normal to the interface, R will depend on the angle of incidence. Since the index of refraction of air is really close to 1. Thus the higher the index of refraction of the solid, the greater is the coefficient of reflection. For typical silicate spectacless, the coefficient of reflection is about 0.05. Merely as the index of refraction of a solid depends on the wavelength of the incident visible radiation. This means that the coefficient of reflection vary with wavelength. Contemplation losingss for lenses and other optical instruments are minimized significantly by surfacing the reflecting surface with really thin beds of dielectric stuffs such as Mg fluoride. Mirror Manufacturing In modern times the mirror substrate is shaped, polished and cleaned, and is so coated. Glass mirrors are most frequently coated with non-toxic Ag or aluminum, implemented by a series of coatings: Tin ( II ) Chloride Silver Chemical activator Copper Paint The Tin ( II ) Chloride is applied because Ag will non bond with the glass. The activator causes the tin/silver to indurate. Copper is added for long-run lastingness. The pigment protects the coating on the dorsum of the mirror from abrasions and other inadvertent harm. In some applications, by and large those that are cost-sensitive or that require great lastingness, mirrors are made from a individual, bulk stuff such as polished metal. Technical mirrors may utilize Ag, aluminum or gold coating and achieve coefficient of reflection of 90 % – 95 % when new. A protective transparent greatcoat may be applied to forestall oxidization of the brooding bed. Applications necessitating higher coefficient of reflection or greater lastingness where broad bandwidth is non indispensable usage dielectric coatings, can accomplish coefficient of reflection every bit high as 99.99 % over a narrow scope of wavelength. Mirror Manufacturing Base Glass, which is a major mirror constituent, is really non a really good stuff for contemplation. In fact, it is merely able to reflect four per centum of the visible radiation it comes in contact with. What it has is a uniformity belongings that allows it to hold really few bumps, peculiarly when it is polished. The smoothness of glass makes it a good campaigner for a base of a brooding metal. Coating The base stuff, in order to go brooding, needs to be coated with a substance that reacts good to visible radiation. The most normally used stuffs are metal coatings such as Ag, gold or chrome. Mercury was used by mirror makers until it was finally abandoned in the fortiess due to jobs with toxicity. Modern mirrors now make usage of aluminium as the metallic coating. Mirrors that are used under high temperatures are frequently coated with Si oxides and Si nitrates which tend to be a protective coating applied to forestall scrape. Design Mirrors need to integrate surface regularity in their designs in order to go effectual. The glass sheets that are used demand to be level and lasting. For family usage, the thickness of the mirror is taken into consideration, with its strength increasing proportionally to its thickness. For heavy-duty mirrors, such as those used in scientific research, the surface has to be specially designed to retain uniformity while adding a curvature. This gives the mirror the ability to concentrate every bit good as reflect visible radiation. The design of the mirror besides specifies the sort of surfacing to be used. The features that are of import in the pick of the surfacing include lastingness and coefficient of reflection. Procedure To do a mirror, the first measure is to cut and determine the glass harmonizing to the formulated design. Diamond-tipped proverbs are normally used to make a all right coating. After this, the panels, called spaces, are placed in an optical grinding machine. This machine uses an scratchy liquid and a grinding home base to make a smooth texture on the glass. Finally, the brooding stuff is placed on the glass utilizing an evaporator, which has the ability to heat the metal used for surfacing until it evaporates onto the spaces ‘ surface. Integrity The quality control of mirrors is an of import portion of the fabrication procedure. The mirror ‘s surface is by and large inspected utilizing the bare oculus or a microscope in order to look into if there are any abrasions or variability. An infrared photographic procedure may besides be used to see if there is a deficiency of uniformity in the thickness of the metal. In some instances, the mirror may besides be placed under environmental proving wherein it is subjected to heat or cold to see how good it can defy assorted temperatures. Possibly you ‘ve been in a state of affairs where you have n't had a mirror on manus and have resorted to utilizing the most brooding surface around you. Depending on the colour, form and texture of the surface, it may hold sufficed, but mirrors surely have a distinguishable brooding quality most other stuffs do non. This stems from the alone colour, composing and smoothness a mirror has. Get downing With Metal Polished, glistening metals make good mirrors because metal behaviors electricity good. Since the electronic field inside the metal must be zero, negatrons at that place will ever call off out a field that is non zero ( even if the field originates outside the metal ) . Since light travels in electromagnetic moving ridges, when it hits a mirror ( most frequently made with sprayed Ag and glass ) , the lone manner to call off out the field and put it to zero is to reflect those moving ridges back out, hence a contemplation. This procedure is similar to singing a long rope attached on one terminal. If you give a hanging rope with one loose terminal one, large shingle, the rope will beckon to the top, so back down. This is what happens when light hits a mirror. How Color Affects Reflection Some molecules hold light and convert some of it to heat. These stuffs are normally black. White stuffs have molecules that about instantly let go of visible radiation after absorbing it. There is an full scope of soaking up in different colourss. Metal works good for mirrors because it reflects seeable visible radiation on all parts of the surface at the same clip. Silver works good in peculiar because it ‘s the closest to white and reflects a assortment of colourss better ( Cu and gold would non reflect blue good, for illustration ) . How Smoothness Affects Contemplation While unsmooth surfaces do reflect visible radiation ( depending on colour and composing ) , they typically reflect visible radiation in all waies. You can see this in concrete, for illustration. It seems to scintillate because it reflects light, but non in one way or ordered manner. Mirrors, nevertheless, do reflect in one way. Because metal ( including metal pigment ) is smooth, it ‘s the best stuff for mirrors. Mirrors that are warped or non wholly smooth give distorted images. Obtaining Omnidirectional View Using Reflective Mirror. To dramatically increase the FOV of an imagination system, there is an unusual attack: utilizing a brooding surface. The FOV of a picture camera can be greatly increased by utilizing brooding surface with properly designed surface forms. The rear-view mirror in a auto is a day-to-day illustration of utilizing brooding mirror to increase the FOV of a driver. There are a figure of surface profiles that can be used to bring forth omnidirectional FOV. Figure list three illustrations: conelike mirror, spherical mirror, and parabolic mirror. The optical geometry of these bulging mirrors provides a simple and effectual agencies to change over picture camera ‘s two-dimensional position into an omnidirectional position around the perpendicular axis of these mirrors, without utilizing any traveling portion. At the first glimpse, it appears that the omnidirectional imagination undertaking can be accomplished by utilizing any bulging mirror. Unfortunately, this is non the instance. In reexamining some BASIC of image formation, we know that an image is two dimensional form of brightness ( or colourss ) . A satisfactory imagination system must continue two indispensable features: Geometric correspondence: there must be a one-to-one correspondence between pels in an image and point in the scene. Single point of view restraint: each pels in the image corresponds to a peculiar sing way defined by a beam from that pel on image plane through a â€Å" pinhole † ( individual sing point ) . Notice that although the convex mirrors listed in Figure can greatly increase the FOV, and may turn out adequate for certain omnidirectional scene monitoring applications, they are non satisfactory imaging devices. These reflecting surfaces do non continue the individual point of view restraint ( SVC ) . For a high quality omnidirectional imagination system, all the light beams coming in the omni imager caput should hold a individual ( practical ) sing point. Design of the omni-mirror that meets the SVC In this subdivision, we will discourse a desirable convex mirror surface profile that satisfies the individual point of view restraint: all the ( extensions of ) visible radiation beams reflected by the mirror must go through through a individual ( practical ) point of view. We call such a brooding mirror the omni-mirror. Let us first define necessary symbols and nomenclature. As shown in the Figure, we use an off-shelf picture camera with a regular lens whose FOV covers full surface of the omni-mirror. Since the optical design of camera and lens is rotationally symmetric, all we need to find is the cross-section map zA ® that defines the mirror surface cross-section profile. The mirror is so the solid of revolution obtained by brushing the cross-section about the optical axis. The map of the omni-mirror is to reflect all viewing beams coming from picture camera ‘s screening centre ( focal point, labeled as C ) to the surface of physical objects in the FOV. The cardinal characteristic of this contemplation is that all such reflected beams must hold a projection towards a individual practical screening point at mirror ‘s focal centre, labled as O. In other words, the mirror should efficaciously maneuver sing beams such that the camera equivalently sees the objects in the universe from a i ndividual point of view O. We choose hyperboloid as the desirable form of the omni-mirrors. A well-known characteristic of a inflated curve is that: the extension of any beam reflected by the inflated curve originated from one of its focal points passes through its another focal point. If we choose the hyperbolic profile for the omni-mirror, and topographic point a picture camera at its focal point C, as shown in Figure, the imagination system will hold a individual point of view at its another focal point O, as if the picture camera were placed at the practical screening location O. The alone characteristic of the omni-mirror is that the extension of the entrance light beam sensed by the CCD camera is ever go throughing through a individual practical point of view O regardless of the location of the projection point M on the mirror surface.