The significance of early cinema for our study of the history of the cinema

The field of cinema is made up of some media which include; motion pictures, film and movies.The history of cinema, also known as film, traces back to over one hundred years ago from the beginning of the 19th century to date.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The significance of early cinema for our study of the history of the cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cinema has been its development from its abstract form and today it is the most important means of communication. Since its innovation, motion pictures have a huge impact on arts, technology and politics. This paper discusses the significance of early cinema for our study of the history of the cinema. In cinema development, the most significant endeavor has been to recreate and present reality through various artistic means which have been developed in line with cinema technology. In art history, we get to learn that cinema was not invented ove rnight and thus, it is a product of a gradual accumulation of insight and the technology which was available at different times. The early cinema evaluation in cinema history takes the learner through the pioneering work of many people who inspired Auguste and Louis Lumià ¨re to come up with a Cinà ©matographe system, which presented moving pictures in 28 December 1895. Cinema historians has it that there were many inventions which preceded Cinà ©matographe such as the moving image projections and shadow plays, which traces their origin in Java and India thousand years ago. These included creating a silhouette by manipulating some leather puppets using rods and placed beyond a translucent material. The technology of shadow plays has been adopted, effected and fitted into today’s cinema and are being used. After this technology of shadows; there was the invention of the magic lantern which was made from a box, a candle which could be enclosed inside and a drawn image. From this invention, there was still the element of projection which is still in use today. The magic lanterns became more prevalent in the 19th century and they came with sophistication as they deployed a number of lenses. This technology became very popular and the lanterns were present in most parts of the world by the 19th century. Early cinema gives us the knowledge we would never had in the way the technology evolved and the early inventors in the field. In the study of any history, there must be some traceable path of development of the subject matter and so is the history of cinema connected to early cinemas.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As early as 1888, Alva Edison posited that, â€Å"I am experimenting upon an instrument which does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear, which is the recording and reproduction of things in motion† (Robinson 138). In this line Edison invented his favorable phonograph and as his initial point, the model of a cylinder was not so promising and so Edison resorted to using a strip of transparent film, a technology borrowed from Marey from Europe. By 1892, two great innovations had been made by Edison namely; Kinetograph, which was used to record images and the Kinetoscope, which was used to view them. But it was soon after that the machines were making a lot of money and he realized that some inventions were threatening their business. This was Edison’s first invention to get into commercial and it fared very well and this can be evident from his statement quoted here, that; We are making these peep show machines and selling a lot of them at a good profit. If we put out a screen machine there will be a use for maybe ten of them in the whole United States. With that many screen machines you could show the pictures to everyone in the country – and then it would be done. Let’s not kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. (Robinson 39) Lumià ¨re brothers on the other side of Europe are credited for inventing the motion picture and this followed many pioneers who made numerous contributions during that time. The significance of these inventions in the early times is the seeking of knowledge which could be advanced today to produce more accomplished inventions. The knowledge of early cinema can help those who take film production career especially in the designing and making of films. For example, it was from the early cinema that Henri Langlois recreated movies and from them he won an honorary award in 1974. Langlois showed different early films every night and those who liked his films were amazed at his programming ability. Langlois had films from the Nazis, which he recovered and refined them and he invented from early films a job which no one thought of before. Therefore, early cinema can be very helpful in enriching today’s entertainment and infor mation industry thus significant to cinema historians. The phantom of the Cinematheque reveals Langlois’ quest for the art form which resembles Lumià ¨re’s shadows (Robinson 39). Moreover, it was Adre Bazin who prospected that film has its foundation in photography and thus possesses the realistic aspect of it. Therefore, he believes that film; as in early cinema, has the ability to capture the real world. This makes us see the sense in the fact that early films captured the reality of the time more than anything else. The study of the history of film therefore enables students of cinema history to capture the reality of the world when they were being made. Since history reflects many common social aspects which have been carried to today, it is possible to reflect the reality of yesterday in today’s communication and entertainment. This cannot happen without the availability of the early cinema as well as their study.Advertising We will write a custom ter m paper sample on The significance of early cinema for our study of the history of the cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, early cinema cannot be taken lightly in their contribution of today’s film industry. The cinema has evolved from Lumià ¨re brothers, to Cohn Brothers and by today we have seen Hollywood give rise to Bollywood and the technology is still in the way of its growth to high heights. Therefore, the inventions of early cinema were more than just a technology at that time and it came along centuries leaving strong foundations. The film industry, which is leading in offering entertainment, information and education, could not have the way it is today were it not for the efforts of the inventors of cinema. Most of the materials which are incorporated into the film today can be traced back in the cinema error and they act to enrich each other. This could not have been possible without the knowledge of early cinema innovations. Early cinema therefore plays a significant role not only in the study of the history of cinema but also in its assessment, appreciation and adoption. Work Cited Robinson, David. Realising the vision: 300 years of cinematography, in Cinema: the Beginnings and the future, edited by Cristopher Williams. London: University of Westminster Press, 1996. Print. This term paper on The significance of early cinema for our study of the history of the cinema was written and submitted by user Ethan M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on U.S. Supreme Court

U.S. Supreme Court U. S. v. UNION PAC. R. CO., 226 U.S. 61 (1912) 226 U.S. 61 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appt., v. UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY et al. No. 446. Argued April 19, 22, and 23, 1912. Decided December 2, 1912. [226 U.S. 61, 64] Attorney General Wickersham and Messrs. Cordenio A. Severance and Frank B. Kellogg, Special Assistants to the Attorney General, for appellant. [226 U.S. 61, 68] Messrs. P. F. Dunne and N. H. Loomis for appellees. Mr. Paul D. Cravath for appellees Jacob H. Schiff and Otto H. Kahn. Mr. James M. Beck for appellee James Stillman. Messrs. H. F. Stambaugh and D. T. Watson for appellee Henry C. Frick. [226 U.S. 61, 79] Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court: The case was begun in the United States circuit court for the district of Utah to enforce the provisions of the so-called Sherman anti- trust act of 1890 (26 Stat. at L. 209, chap. 647, U. S. Comp Stat. 1901, p. 3200) against certain alleged conspiracies and combinations in restraint of interstate commerce. The case in its principal aspect grew out of the purchase by the Union Pacific Railroad Company in the month of February, 1901, of certain shares of the capital stock of the Southern Pacific Company from the devisees under the will of the late Collis P. Huntington, who had formerly owned the stock. Other shares of Southern Pacific stock were acquired at the same time, the holding of the Union Pacific amounting to 750,000 shares, or about 37 1/2 per cent (subsequently increased to 46 per cent) of the outstanding stock of the Southern Pacific Company. The stock is held for the Union Pacific Company by one of its proprietary companies, the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company. T! he government contends that the domination over and control of the Southern Pacific Company given to the Union Pacific Company by this purchase of stock brings the transaction within the terms of the antitr... Free Essays on U.S. Supreme Court Free Essays on U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Supreme Court U. S. v. UNION PAC. R. CO., 226 U.S. 61 (1912) 226 U.S. 61 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appt., v. UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY et al. No. 446. Argued April 19, 22, and 23, 1912. Decided December 2, 1912. [226 U.S. 61, 64] Attorney General Wickersham and Messrs. Cordenio A. Severance and Frank B. Kellogg, Special Assistants to the Attorney General, for appellant. [226 U.S. 61, 68] Messrs. P. F. Dunne and N. H. Loomis for appellees. Mr. Paul D. Cravath for appellees Jacob H. Schiff and Otto H. Kahn. Mr. James M. Beck for appellee James Stillman. Messrs. H. F. Stambaugh and D. T. Watson for appellee Henry C. Frick. [226 U.S. 61, 79] Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court: The case was begun in the United States circuit court for the district of Utah to enforce the provisions of the so-called Sherman anti- trust act of 1890 (26 Stat. at L. 209, chap. 647, U. S. Comp Stat. 1901, p. 3200) against certain alleged conspiracies and combinations in restraint of interstate commerce. The case in its principal aspect grew out of the purchase by the Union Pacific Railroad Company in the month of February, 1901, of certain shares of the capital stock of the Southern Pacific Company from the devisees under the will of the late Collis P. Huntington, who had formerly owned the stock. Other shares of Southern Pacific stock were acquired at the same time, the holding of the Union Pacific amounting to 750,000 shares, or about 37 1/2 per cent (subsequently increased to 46 per cent) of the outstanding stock of the Southern Pacific Company. The stock is held for the Union Pacific Company by one of its proprietary companies, the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company. T! he government contends that the domination over and control of the Southern Pacific Company given to the Union Pacific Company by this purchase of stock brings the transaction within the terms of the antitr...

Ethcial Issues in the Financial services Industry Term Paper

Ethcial Issues in the Financial services Industry - Term Paper Example It is considered that general people tend to consider the field of financial services as more unethical as compared to other areas of business. This is considered as such mostly because of the fact that the industry is considered to be quite large. 2 Ethical issues are considered to have a huge importance in the industry of financial services because numerous people are considered to be consumers of such services. General people tend to consider this field as more unethical as compared to other areas of business. This is mostly because of the fact that the industry is considered to be quite large. It comprises mortgage lenders, pension funds, investment banks, mutual fund organizations, insurance organizations, securities firms, and banks. The industry is considered to make lot of headlines which tout for its ethical lapses due to its vast size. Intermediaries that operate in the field of financial services must follow standards of the industry, rules of law, and act in an ethical manner. The organizations operating in the financial services industry conduct numerous meetings with regard to marketing of financial services, investment analysis, technology training, and new product training but there is very less importance placed with regard to ethical training. The thinking of organizations must be changed in this regard such that ethical training forms part of conferences in financial service organizations and should have a significant number of attendances. The financial services industry is considered to provide essential services which can be considered as fundamental to modern society and economy. It provides services such as safeguarding money of the general public and providing them with domestic lending services. In this regard, it can be said that considering the vital role that financial service organizations play, it is logical to

Body Language Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Body Language - Article Example Gestures and body language are therefore often second nature; something that we follow based on instinct and the need for survival. Therefore, when an individual is speaking or listening to another, he or she often reveals unconscious feelings or reactions through gestures and body language. Since our bodies speak the truth and our words often do not, it is important for people to learn to observe body language as well as listening to the speech of others. Body language often has an unconscious affect on the speaker or listener. If somebody speaks and demonstrates very confident body language, people are more likely to take that individual seriously, and/or believe in what that individual has to say. If another individual speaks the same speech but shows a lack of confidence with gestures and body language, people are less likely to respect or care about the information presented. Thus, whether or not an individual successfully gets a point across has a lot to do with how that individual presents his or her body language. How does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis fit in with all of this' According to Amy Stafford, Sapir "believed that language and the thoughts that we have are somehow interwoven, and that all people are equally being effected by the confines of their language. In short, he made all people out to be mental prisoners; unable to think freely because of the restrictions of their vocabularies" (para 1). If our vocabularies are restricted, it is therefore important for individuals to have another way of expressing themselves, or of getting their main points across. This is where body language comes into play (Henslin 45). Since body language is often an initial instinctual reaction, it allows individuals to communicate on an unconscious level and get their concepts across when they lack the words to express those concepts. Stafford further states: "Whorf fully believed in linguistic determinism; that what one thinks is fully determined by their language. He also supported linguistic relativity, which states that the differences in language reflect the different views of different people" (para 3). Language is therefore important to demonstrating what an individual is thinking, and what that individual's limitations are. However, language is often relativistic from person to person, as is language ability, and therefore Whorf felt that we can get a strong feel for an individual by understanding these limitations. Stafford's article can be found at: http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/whorf.html. Her link is very helpful and describes body language as well as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The presentation on this website helped the researcher to grasp and better understand these concepts and why they are important. Therefore, this link is very helpful when it comes to understanding body language and the issues surrounding body language. Works Cited Henslin, James. Essentials of Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. New Jersey:Allyn and Bacon 2006. Stafford, Amy. "The Sapir-Whorf Hyp

Diabetes Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diabetes - Annotated Bibliography Example The findings attribute a majority of socioeconomic burden in the society to this observation, noting it as a major cause of premature mortality. To the patients, the risk of retinopathy, neurological conditions and renal failure constantly looms. In spite of giving critical findings on the negative impact of diabetes in the society and acknowledging the need to prioritize public health control programs, the researchers fail to give recommendations to curb its effects as contrasted to the subsequent articles by Goyder, Simmons and Gillett (2010) and Malkawi (2012) hereafter. The researchers from the University of Sheffield appreciate the importance of diabetes prevention in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in this study they collect data from national policy documents in the UK to determine the persons charged with preventing diabetes. The evidence found point out at community level intervention as more effective than individual based approach with much synergy observed for diabetes prevention and other major public health priorities, just as indicated in the previous research by Dieren et al. (2010), including obesity prevention, socioeconomic inequality, reducing chronic diseases and climate change. Even though the study was confined within the UK hence unreliable to imply to the whole global population as contrasted to the previous article, it gives an important insight that prevention programs should be aimed at the larger population other than at individuals. Malkawi, A. M. (2012). The effectiveness of physical activity in preventing type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals using well-structured interventions: a systematic review. Journal of Diabetology, 2(1), 1 – 18. This research acknowledges the burden of type 2 diabetes as articulated in the previous two research studies and as such evaluates the effectiveness of physical activity in curbing diabetes spread. It aims at

Review of Data Duplication Methods

Review of Data Duplication Methods Mandeep Singh Abstract: -The cloud storage services are used to store intermediate and persistent data generated from various resources including servers and IoT based networks. The outcome of such developments is that the data gets duplicated and gets replicated rapidly especially when large numbers of cloud users are working in a collaborative environment to solve large scale problems in geo-distributed networks. The data gets prone to breach of privacy and high incidence of duplication of data. When the dynamics of cloud services change over period of time, the ownership and proof of identity operations also need to change and work dynamically for high degree of security. In this work we will study the concepts; methods and the schemes that can make the cloud services secure and reduce the incident of data duplication with use of cryptography mathematics and increase potential storage capacity. The purposed scheme works for deduplication of data with arithmetic key validity operations that redu ce the overhead and increase the complexity of the keys so that it is hard to break the keys. Keywords: De-duplication, Arithmetic validity, proof of ownership. INTRODUCTION Organizations that focus on providing online storage with strong emphasizes on the security of data based on double encryption [1] (256 bit AES or 448 bit), managed along with fish key algorithm and SSL encryption [2] based connections are in great demand. These organizations need to maintain large size data centers that have a temperature control mechanism, power backups are seismic bracing and other safeguards. But all these safeguards, monitoring and mechanism becomes expensive, if they do not take care of data duplication issues and problems related to data reduction. Data Deduplication [3] occurs especially when the setup is multi-users and the users are collaborating with each others work objects such as document files, video, cloud computation services and privileges etc. and volume of data grows expensively. In a distributed database management systems special care is taken to avoid duplication of data either by minimizing the number of writes for saving I/O bandwidth or de normalization. Databases use the concept of locking to avoid ownership issues, access conflicts and duplication issues. But even as disk storage capacities continue to increase and are becoming more cheaper, the demand for online storage has also increased many folds. Hence, the cloud service providers (CSP) continue to seek methods to reduce cost of DE-duplication and increase the potential capacity of the disk with better data management techniques. The data managers may use either compression or deduplication methods to achieve this business goal. In broad terms these technologies can be classified as data reduction techniques. The end customers are able to effectively store more data than the overall capacity of their disk storage system would allow. For example a customer has 20 TB storage array the customer may bet benefit of 5:1 which means theoretically 5 times the current storage can be availed. [(5*20 TB) = 100 TB]. The next section defines and discussed data reduction methods and issues of ownership to build trustful online storage services. Fig: Deduplication Process The next section defines and discussed data reduction methods and issues of ownership to build trustful online storage services. The purpose is to obtain a reducedrepresentation of a data set file that much smaller in volume yet provide same configure even, if the modified data in a collaborative environment. The reduced representation does not necessarily means a reduction in size of the data, but reduction in unwanted data or duplicates the existence of the data entities. In simple words the data reduction process would retain only one copy of the data and keep pointers to the unique copy if duplicates are found. Hence data storage is reduced. Compression [4]: It is a useful data reduction method as it helps to reduce the overall resources required to store and transmit data over network medium. However, computational resources are required for data reduction method. Such overhead can easily be offset due to the benefit it offers due to compression. However, an subject to the space time complexity trade off; for example, a video compression may require expensive investment in hardware for its compression-decompression and viewing cycle, but it may help to reduce space requirements in case there is need to achieve the video. Deduplication [3]: Deduplication is processed typically consist of steps that divide the data into data sets of smaller chunk sizes and use an algorithm to allocate each data block a unique hash code. In this, the deduplication process further find similarities between the previously stored hash codes to determine if the data block is already in the storage medium. Few methods use the concept comparing back up to the previous data chunks at bit level for removing obsolete data. Prominent works done in this area as follows: Fuse compress compress file system in user space. Files-depot Experiments on file deduplication. Compare A python-based deduplication command line tool and library. Penknife its used to DE duplicate informations in shot messages Opendedup A user space deduplication file system (SDFS) Opendedupe A deduplication based filesystem (SDFS) Ostor Data deduplication in the cloud. Opensdfs A user space deduplication file system. Liten Python based command line utility for elimination of duplicates. Commercial: 1). Symantec 2). Comm Vault. 3). Cloud Based: Asigra, Baracuda, Jungle Disk, Mozy. Before we engross further into this topic, let us understand the basic terms involved in the DE duplication process having in built securely features. Security Keys [5]: The security keys mainly consist of two types, namely first is Public Key and second is Private Key. The public keys are essentially cryptographic keys or sequences that can be obtained and used by anyone to encrypt data/messages intended for particular recipient entity and can be unlocked or deciphered with the help of a key or sequence in knowledge of recipient (Private Key). Private Key is always paired with the public key and is shared only with key generator or initiator, ensuring a high degree of security and traceability. Key Generation: It is a method of creating keys in cryptography with the help of algorithms such as a symmetric key algorithm (DES or AES) and public key algorithm (such as RSA) [6]. Currently systems such as TLS [7], SSH are using computational methods of these two. The size of the keys depends upon the memory storage available on (16, 32, 64, 128 bits) etc. Key Distribution: Before, any authentication process can happen both the parties need exchange the private and public keys. In typical public key cryptography, the key distribution is done using public server keys. The key generator or initiator keeps one key to himself/herself and uploads the other key to server. In case of SSH the algorithm used is Diffie-Hellman key [6] exchange. In this arrangement, if the client does not possess a pair of public and private key along with published certificate. It is difficult for the client to proof ownership. The Figure [1] shows the life cycle of Keys used for the sake of security. Fig 1: Life Cycle of Key Key Matching and Validation: Since, in most cases the private key is intended to reside on the server. And, the key exchange process needs to remain secure with the use of secure shell, this is a need to have a robust key matching algorithm so that no spoofing or manipulation occur in transient. Moreover, it is always recommended that a public key validation must be done before these keys are put into operation. Public key validation tests consist of arithmetic test [8] that ensure that component of candidate informs to key generation standard. Hence, a certificate authority [9] (CA) helps in choosing the trusted parties bound by their individual identities with the help of public key. This is stated in Certificate Produce Standards. Some third party validators use the concept of key agreements and others may use the concept of proof of possession mechanism. In POP mechanism [10], for the proper establishment of keys, the user interacting is required to work with CA using a natural function of the keys (either key agreement for encryption) or by using zero-proof knowledge algorithms [11] to show possession of private key. POP shows that user owns the corresponding private key, but not necessarily, that the public key is arithmetically valid. The Public key validation (PKV) methods show that public key is arithmetically valid, but not necessary that anyone who owns the corresponding key. Combination of these (POP and PKV) methods gives a greater degree of security confidence that can be useful for Deduplication operation. However, the only issues needs to be addressed is the overhead involved in public key validation. Improvements in arithmetic validity test can be done to improve the validation process, especially in concept of DE duplication area; where the message to be encrypted in data chunks and need to arithmetic validation and proof of ownership is to be done multiple times due to the collaborative nature of the data object. Most of the arithmetic tests validity are based on the generation and selection of prime numbers. It was in late 1989s many people came up with an idea of solving key distribution problem for exchanging information publicly with a use of a shared or a secret cipher without someone else being able to compute the secret value. The most widely used algorithms DiffieHellman key exchange takes advantage of prime number series. The mathematics of prime numbers (integer whole numbers) shows that the modulus of prime numbers is useful for cryptography. The Example [Table no. 1] clearly illustrates the prime number values gets the systematically bigger and bigger, is very usefu l for cryptography as it has the scrambling impact. For example: Prime Numbers in Cryptography and Deduplication: Prime numbers [13] are whole numbers integers that have either factors 1 or same factor as itself. They are helpful in choosing disjoint sets of random numbers that do not have any common factors. With use of modular arithmetic certain large computations can be done easily with reduced number of steps. It states that remainder always remain less than divider, for example, 39 modulo 8, which is calculated as 39/7 (= 4 7/8) and take the remainder. In this case, 8 divides into 39 with a remainder of 7. Thus, 39 modulo 8 = 7. Note that the remainder (when dividing by 8) is always less than 8. Table [1] give more examples and pattern due this arithmetic. 11 modulus 8=3 17 modulus 8=1 12 modulus 8=4 18 modulus 8=2 13 modulus 8=5 19 modulus 8=3 14 modulus 8=6 20 modulus 8=4 15 modulus 8=7 21 modulus 8=5 16 modulus 8=0 So onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Table 1: Example of Arithmetic of modus To do modular addition [14], two numbers are added normally, then divided by the modulus and get the remainder. Thus, (17+20) mod 7 = (37) mod 7 = 2. The next section illustrates, how these computations are employed for cryptographic key exchange with typical example of Alice, Bod and Eva as actors in a typical scenario of keys exchange for authentication. Step1: Sender (first person) and receiver (second person) agree, publicly, on a prime number X, having base number Y. Hacker (third person) may get public number X access to the public prime number. Step 2: Sender (first person) commits to a number A, as his/her secret number exponent. The sender keeps this secret. Receiver (second person), similarly, select his/her secret exponent. Then, the first person calculates Z using equation no. 1 Z = YA (mod X) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (1) And sends Z to Receiver (second person). Likewise, Receiver becomes calculate the value C using equation no. 2 Z= YB (mod X) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) And sends C to Sender (first person). Note that Hacker (third person) might have both Y and C. Step 3: Now, Sender takes the values of C, and calculate using equation no. 3 CA (mod X). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (3) Step 4: Similarly Receiver calculates using equation no. 4 ZB (mod X). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (4) Step 5: The value they compute is same because K = YB (mod X) and sender computed CA (mod X) = (YB) A (mod X) = YBA (mod X). Secondly because Receiver used Z = YA (mod X), and computed ZB (mod X) = (YA) B (mod X) = YAB (mod X). Thus, without knowing Receivers secret exponent, B, sender was able to calculate YAB (mod X). With this value as a key, Sender and Receiver can now start working together. But Hacker may break into the code of the communication channel by computing Y, X, Z C just like Sender and Receiver. Experimental results in cryptography, show that it ultimately becomes a discrete algorithm problem and consequently Hacker fails to breaks the code. The Hacker does not have any proper way to get value. This is because the value is huge, but the question is how did sender and receiver computed such a large value, it is because of modulus arithmetic. They were working on the modulus of P and using a shortcut method called repeated squaring method. The problem of finding match to break the code for the hacker becomes a problem of discrete algorithm problem. [15] From the above mention in this paper, it can be deduced that the athematic validity part of the security algorithm computations can also be improved by reducing number of computational steps. For this purpose Vedic mathematical methods such as [17], especially where the resources (memory to store and compute) keys are constrained. Example: Base Type Example on how compute exponents using Vedic Maths If the base is taken less than 10 9^3= 9-1 / 1ÃÆ'-1 / (1ÃÆ'-9) / 1ÃÆ'-1ÃÆ'-9 = 8 /1 / -9 / 9 = 81 / -9 / 9 = 81 9 / 9 = 72 / 9 = 729 If the base is taken greater than 10 12^3= 12 + 2 / 2 ÃÆ'- 2 / + (2 ÃÆ'- 12) / 2ÃÆ'- 2 ÃÆ'- 12 = 14 / 4 / + 24 / 48 = 144 / +24 / 48 = 144 +24 / 48 = 168/ 48 = 1728 Life Cycle of Data and Deduplication: The life cycle of digital material is normally prove to change from technological and business processes throughout their lifecycle. Reliable re-use of this digital material, is only possible. If the curation, archiving and storage systems are well-defined and functioning with minimum resource to maximum returns. Hence, control to these events in the Life Cycle is Deduplication process and securely of data. Table: 1 recent works in key management applied in De duplication area S. No. Authors Problem undertaken Techniques used Goal achieved Junbeom Hur et al. [1] Build a secure key ownership schema that work dynamically with guaranteed data integrity against tag inconsistency attack. Used Re-encryption techniques that enables dynamic updates upon any ownership changes in the cloud storage. Tag consistency becomes true and key management becomes more efficient in terms of computation cost as compare to RCE (Randomized convergent encryption). However the author did not focused their work on arithmetic validity of the keys. Although the lot of work has been done on ownership of keys. Chia-Mu Yu et al. [18] Improve cloud server and mobile device efficiency in terms of its storage capabilities and of POW scheme. Used improved of flow of POW with bloom filter for managing memory without the need to access disk after storing. Reduced server side latency and user side latency. Jorge Blasco et al. [19] Improve the efficiency of resources (space, bandwidth, efficiency) and improve security during the DE duplication process. Improved the working of bloom filter implementation for its usage in POW scheme and thwart a malicious client attack for colluding with the legitimate owner of the file. Experimental resources suggest the execution time increase when size of file grows but in case of proposed scheme it helps in building a better trade off between space and bandwidth. Jin Li et al. [20] Build an improved key management schema that it more efficiency and secure when key distribution operation access. The user holds an independent master key for encrypting the convergence keys and outsourcing them to could this creates lot of overhead. This is avoided by using ramp secret sharing (RSSS) and dividing the duplication phase into small phase (first and block level DE duplication). The new key management scheme (Dekey) with help of ramp scheme reduces the overhead (encoding and decoding) better than the previous scheme. Chao Yang et al. [21] Overcome the problem of the vulnerability of client side deduplication operation, especially when the attacker trys to access on authorized file stored on the server by just using file name and its hash value. The concept spot checking in wheel the client only needs to access small functions of the original files dynamic do efficient and randomly chosen induces of the original file. The proposed scheme creates better provable ownership file operation that maintains high degree of detection power in terms of probability of finding unauthorized access to files. Xuexue Jin et al. [11] Current methods use information computed from shared file to achieve. DE duplication of encrypted. Data or convergent encryption into method is Vulnerable as it is based well known public algorithm. DE duplication encryption algorithm are combined with proof of ownership algorithm to achieve higher degree of security during the DE duplication process. The process is also argument with proxy re-encryption (PRE) and digitalize credentials checks. The author achieved anonymous DE duplication encryption along with POW test, consequently the level of protection was increased and attacks were avoided. Danny Harnik et al. [22] Improve cross user (s) interaction securely with higher degree of privacy during DE duplication. The authors have described multiple methods that include:- (a). Stop cross over user interaction. (b). Allow user to use their own private keys to encrypt. (c). Randomized algorithm. Reduced the cost of operation to secure the duplication process. Reduced leakage of information during DE duplication process. Higher degree of fortification. Jingwei Li et al. [23] The authors have worked on the problem of integrity auditing and security of DE duplication. The authors have proposed and implemented two methods via Sec Cloud and Sec Cloud+, both systems improve auditing the maintain ace with help of map reduce architecture. The Implementation provided performance of periodic integrity check and verification without the local copy of data files. Better degree of proof of ownership process integrated with auditing. Kun He et al. [24] Reduce complications due to structure diversity and private tag generation. Find better alternative to homomorphic authenticated tree. (HAT) Use random oracle model to avoid occurrence of breach and constructs to do unlimited number of verifications and update operations. DeyPoS which means DE duplicable dynamic proof of storage. The theoretical and experimental results show that the algorithm (DeyPoS) implementation is highly efficient in conditions where the file size grows exponentially and large number of blocks are there. Jin Li et al. [25] The provide better protected data, and reduce duplication copies in storage with help of encryption and alternate Deduplication method. Use hybrid cloud architecture for higher degree of security (taken based) , the token are used to maintain storage that does not have Deduplication and it is more secure due to its dynamic behavior. The results claimed in the paper shows that the implemented algorithm gives minimal overhead compared to the normal operations. Zheng Yan et al. [26] Reduce the complexity of key management step during data duplication process But implement less complex encryption with same or better level of security. This is done with the help of Attribute Based Encryption algorithm. Reduce complexity overhead and execution time when file size grows as compared to preview work. Summary of Key Challenges Found The degree of issues related to implementation of Crypto Algorithms in terms of mathematics is not that difficult as compared to embracing and applying to current technological scenarios. Decentralized Anonymous Credentials validity and arithmetic validity is need to the hour and human sensitivity to remain safe is critical. In certain cases, the need to eliminate a trusted credential issuers can help to reduce the overhead without compromising the security level whole running deduplication process. Many algorithms for exponentiation do not provide defense against side-channel attacks, when deduplication process is run over network. An attacker observing the sequence of squaring and multiplications can (partially) recover the exponent involved in the computation. Many methods compute the secret key based on Recursive method, which have more overhead as compared methods that are vectorized. Some of the vectorized implementations of such algorithms can be improved by reducing the number of steps with one line computational methods, especially when the powers of exponent are smaller than 8. There is a scope of improvement in reducing computational overhead in methods of computations of arithmetic validity methods by using methods such as Nikhilam Sutra, Karatsuba. CONCLUSION In this paper, sections have been dedicated to the discussion on the values concepts that need to be understood to overcome the challenges in De-duplication algorithms implementations. It was found that at each level of duplication process (file and block) there is a needs for keys to be arithmetically valid and there ownership also need proved for proper working of a secure duplication system. The process becomes prone to attacks, when the process is applied in geo-distributed storage architecture. The complexity for cheating ownership verification is at least difficult as performing strong collision attack of the hash function due to these mathematical functions. Finding the discrete algorithm of a random elliptic curve element with respect to a publicly known base point is infeasible this is (ECDLP). The security of the elliptic curve cryptography depends on the ability to the compute a point multiplication and the mobility to compute the multiple given the original and product po ints. The size of the elliptic curve determines the difficulty of the problem. FUTURE SCOPE As discussed, in the section mathematical methods such as Nikhilam Sutra, Karatsuba Algorithm [27] may be used for doing computations related to arithmetic validity of the keys produced for security purpose as it involves easier steps and reduce the number of bits required for doing multiplication operations etc. Other than this, the future research work to apply to security network need of sensors that have low memory and computational power to run expensive cryptography operations such public key validation and key exchange thereafter. [1] J. Hur, D. Koo, Y. Shin and K. Kang, Secure data deduplication with dynamic ownership management in cloud storage, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 28, pp. 31133125, 2016. A. Kumar and A. Kumar, A palmprint-based cryptosystem using double encryption, in SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, 2008, pp. 69440D69440D. M. Portolani, M. Arregoces, D. W. Chang, N. A. Bagepalli and S. Testa, System for SSL re-encryption after load balance, 2010. W. Xia, H. Jiang, D. Feng, F. Douglis, P. Shialane, Y. Hua, M. Fu, Y. Zhang and Y. Zhou, A comprehensive study of the past, present, and future of data deduplication, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 104, pp. 1681-1710, 2016. J. Ziv and A. Lempel, A universal algorithm for sequential data compression, IEEE Transactions on information theory, vol. 23, pp. 337343, 1977. P. Kumar, M.-L. Liu, R. Vijayshankar and P. Martin, Systems, methods, and computer program products for supporting multiple contactless applications using different security keys, 2011. S. Gupta, A. Goyal and B. Bhushan, Information hiding using least significant bit steganography and cryptography, International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, vol. 4, p. 27, 2012. K. V. K. and A. R. K. P. , Taxonomy of SSL/TLS Attacks, International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, vol. 8, p. 15, 2016. J. M. Sundet, D. G. Barlaug and T. M. Torjussen, The end of the Flynn effect?: A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century, Intelligence, vol. 32, pp. 349-362, 2004. W. Lawrence and S. Sankaranarayanan, Application of Biometric security in agent based hotel booking system-android environment, International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business, vol. 4, p. 64, 2012. N. Asokan, V. Niemi and P. Laitinen, On the usefulness of proof-of-possession, in Proceedings of the 2nd Annual PKI Research Workshop, 2003, pp. 122127. X. Jin, L. Wei, M. Yu, N. Yu and J. Sun, Anonymous deduplication of encrypted data with proof of ownership in cloud storage, in Communications in China (ICCC), 2013 IEEE/CIC International Conference on, 2013, pp. 224229. D. Whitfield and M. E. Hellman, New directions in cryptography, IEEE transactions on Information Theory, vol. 22, pp. 644654, 1976. H. Riesel, Prime numbers and computer methods for factorization, vol. 126, Springer Science Business Media, 2012. R. A. Patel, M. Benaissa, N. Powell and S. Boussakta, Novel power-delay-area-efficient approach to generic modular addition, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 54, pp. 12791292, 2007. Repeated Squaring, Wednesday March 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.algorithmist.com/index.php/Repeated_Squaring. [Accessed Wednesday March 2017]. Table of costs of operations in elliptic curves, Wednesday March 2017. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_costs_of_operations_in_elliptic_curves. [Accessed Wednesday March 2017]. Calculating Powers Near a Base Number, Wednesday March 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.vedicmaths.com/18-calculating-powers-near-a-base-number. [Accessed Wednesday March 2017]. C.-M. Yu, C.-Y. Chen and H.-C. Chao, Proof of ownership in deduplicated cloud storage with mobile device efficiency, IEEE Network, vol. 29, pp. 5155, 2015. J. Blasco, R. D. Pietro, A. Orfila and A. Sorniotti, A tunable proof of ownership scheme for deduplication using bloom filters, in Communications and Network Security (CNS), 2014 IEEE Conference on, 2014, pp. 481489. J. Li, X. Chen, M. Li, J. Li, P. P. Lee and W. Lou, Secure deduplication with efficient and reliable convergent key management, IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, vol. 25, pp. 16151625, 2014. C. Yang, J. Ren and J. Ma, Provable ownership of files in deduplication cloud storage, Security and Communication Networks, vol. 8, pp. 24572468, 2015. D. Harnik, B. Pinkas and A. Shulman-Peleg, Side channels in cloud services: Deduplication in cloud storage, IEEE Security Privacy, vol. 8, pp. 4047, 2010. J. Li, J. Li, D. Xie and Z. Cai, Secure auditing and deduplicating data in cloud, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 65, pp. 23862396, 2016. K. He, J. Chen, R. Du, Q. Wu, G. Xue and X. Zhang, Deypos: deduplicatable dynamic proof of storage for multi-user environments, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 65, pp. 36313645, 2016. J. Li, Y. K. Li, X. Chen, P. P. Lee and W. Lou, A hybrid cloud approach for secure authorized deduplication, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 26, pp. 12061216, 2015. Z. Yan, M. Wang, Y. Li and A. V. Vasilakos, Encrypted data management with deduplication in cloud computing, IEEE Cloud Computing, vol. 3, pp. 2835, 2016. S. P. Dwivedi, An efficient multiplication algorithm using Nikhilam method, 2013.

Langston Hughes Essay examples -- essays research papers

Langston Hughes James Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. He was named after his father, but it was later shortened to just Langston Hughes. He was the only child of James and Carrie Hughes. His family was never happy so he was a lonely youth. The reasons for their unhappiness had as much to do with the color of their skin and the society into which they had been born as they did with their opposite personalities. They were victims of white attitudes and discriminatory laws. They moved to Oklahoma in the late 1890s. Although the institution of slavery was officially abolished racial discrimination and segregation persisted. Langston Hughes parents then separated. Since his mother moved from city to city in search of work he lived in Lawrence, Kansas, with his grandmother named Mary Hughes. She fiercely opposed to racial discrimination. While growing up, Langston also stayed with friends of the family, James and Mary Reed. Living with his grandmother and the Reeds in all-white neighborhoods, he felt even more isolated. When Langston was ready to start school in 1908, his mother was told that because her son was black, he could not attend a nearby, mostly white school in Topeka, Kansas. Carrie, his mother, fought with the school over their decision. She won her fight and Langston was finally admitted to the school. He dealed with his loneliness by writing poetry. After Langston’s grandmother died in 1915, he went to live with his mother, her second husband, Homer Clark, and Clark’s two-year-old son, Gwyn. They went from Lawrence, Kansas to Kansas City, Missouri to Lincoln, Illinois. They moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1916. Clark moved to Chicago, Illinois. Langston’s mother followed him and Langston was left alone in Cleveland. He devoted himself to his class work and other interests. He was on the editorial staff, on the student council, one the track team, an officer in the drill corps, and acted in school plays. When Langston Hughes attended Central High, the student body was very ethnically diverse. Langston’s Jewish friends were the ones who first opened his eyes to the ideals of socialism. Socialism is the doctrine that all property in a society is public property. Claude McKay, a black writer whose articles and poems appeared in the Liberator, became a favorite of Langston’s. Langston started to use Negro (African-American... ...es spent the early part of the 1940’s working on his autobiography, The Big Sea, which tells in brilliantly clear language the story of his life up to the year 1931.He explored the expressing validity of black vernacular in urban and rural black lifestyles. He graduated from Lincoln University in 1930. He wrote playwrights and created major Broadway successes as Scottsboro Limited (1932) and Mulatto (1935). In first collections of short stories, The Ways Of White Folks, published in 1934.He was recognized as Simple a humorist through the creation of a character named Jessie B. Semple who, Simple States A Claim (1957), makes commentary on social issues confronting the black community in a vernacular style which strikes a common chord in its simplicity. In 1957, Semple was brought to Broadway in the musical Simply Heavenly. In May 22, 1967 Langston Hughes in died in New York City. The reason why I picked Langston Hughes as my famous African American was because his poems are my favorites. The other reason is that he was always trying to improve the life of African Americans. So, as in conclusion, I would like to say Langston Hughes is an American hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s

Breast cancer is a disease that devastates so many women in our society each year. The catastrophic toll that it had on women in the 1800’s was much more traumatizing than it is today. Robert Shadle and James S. Olson give us a vivid picture of what breast cancer in the 1800’s was like in their essay entitled, â€Å"Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s. † The authors of this incredible essay describe the life of â€Å"Nabby† Adams, the daughter of John and Abigail Adams. The essay gives us a detailed account from the beginning to the end of Nabby’s fight with cancer. Nabby and Colonel William Smith were married in June of 1786 and they would go on to later have three children. Colonel Smith was not one to settle down, moving from America to London, from London back to America, spending entirely too much money that he did not have. In the year of 1808 Nabby found a small dimple on her breast that she thought was probably just the sign of old age. It turns out that that dimple was actually a malignant tumor rapidly spreading throughout her body. In the year of 1809 Nabby noticed that the â€Å"old age† dimple had turned into a solid lump hidden in her breast and as time went on the lump slowly grew in size. Nabby went from physician to physician consulting them on what to do, and none of the remedies seemed to work. So in 1811 Nabby returned to Quincy, Massachusetts where her parents resided and contacted Dr. Benjamin Rush, a family friend and a famous skilled physician. Dr. Rush advised Nabby to have surgery immediately. Nabby consented to the idea although she was rather timid. Surgery in these days was not the same as it is today. Today there is a vast amount of research that goes into each particular surgery; in those days it was the complete opposite. Today we have sanitation procedures, while back then they did not know anything about sanitation! And the biggest difference in surgeries between the two time periods is the use of anesthesia. In the 1800’s the use of anesthesia was not present, this meant that patients were wide-awake during the procedure. The graphic depiction of Nabby Adams strapped to the chair with the doctor on top slashing at the breast and pulling out the cancerous cells was an account that made my stomach turn upside down. The grueling pain that she must have felt and then to later find out that it was all for nothing. In the 1800’s, most cases after a patient goes under the knife within the next couple of days they are susceptible to devastating infections. Although this did not occur for Nabby, I can not say the same for a large portion of the women during this time. Nabby’s life was severely altered after the procedure though, she was unable to perform her normal day-to-day life and the use of her left arm was completely gone. The surgery completely changed her life for the worse and on August 9th of 1813 at the age of forty-six Nabby Adams passed away. This article completely changed my view on breast cancer. Before reading the article I was under the impression that breast cancer today was not a very dangerous cancer and was easily curable as long as you caught it early. I would see the pink cleats, gloves, and mouthpieces in the NFL games and just think that it was mainly for show. But after seeing that 50,000 women die from breast cancer each year in our day and age made me realize that that is not the case and that number was even more devastating during the 1800’s. Cancer is a disease that is affecting our community daily. This article shows that it doesn’t matter who are, if your parents are the founders of our country or not, anyone can get cancer. I would say that the article was definitely worth reading, it gave me significant insight on how breast cancer affected women in the 1800’s.

The Many Ways to Pronounce I in French

The Many Ways to Pronounce I in French When youre learning French, the letter I may be one of the most challenging of the alphabet. It has a common sound, a couple of accents, and is often combined  with other letters and all of these have slightly different sounds. Because the I is used so often in French and in so many ways, its important that you study it thoroughly. This lesson will help fine tune your pronunciation skills and maybe even add a few new words to your French vocabulary. How to Pronounce the French I The French letter I is pronounced more or less like the EE in fee, but without the Y sound at the end. An I with an accent circonflexe, à ® or trà ©ma, à ¯, is pronounced the same way. This is also true for the letter Y when its used as a vowel in French. However, the French I is pronounced like the English Y in the following instances: When I is followed by a vowel as in  chà ¢tier, addition, adieu, and  tiers.When IL is at the end of a word and preceded by a vowel as in orteil, orgueil, and  Ã…“il.In most words with ILLE  such as  mouiller, fille, bouteille, and  veuillez. French Words With I Practice your pronunciation of the French I with these simple words. Give it a try on your own, then click the word to hear the correct pronunciation. Repeat these until you have them down because they are very common words that youll need often. dix  (ten)ami  (friend)lit  (bed)addition  (addition, restaurant bill)adieu  (farewell)orgueil  (pride)Å“il  (eye)veuillez  (please)fille  (girl) Letter Combinations With I The letter I is as useful in French as it is in English. However, it also comes with a variety of pronunciations depending on the letters its used in conjunction with. As you continue your study of I, be sure that you understand how these letter combinations sound. AI and  AIS  - There are three ways to pronounce AI. The most common is  pronounced like the È or bed.AIL  - Pronounced [ahy].EI - Sounds like the É or È  as in the word à ©tà ©Ã‚  (summer).EIL  -  Pronounced [ehy], similar to the E in bed followed by a Y sound. As used in  un  appareil  (device) and  un  orteil  (toe).EUI, UEIL, and  Ã…’IL  - Sounds  like the OO in good followed by a Y sound.IN - Called a nasal I, this is pronounce [e(n)]. The E sounds like an  E with a circumflex -  Ãƒ ªÃ‚  - and the (n) is the nasal sound. For example,  cinq  (five) and  pain  (bread).The nasal I can be spelled any number of ways:  in, im, ain, aim, eim, ein, em,  or en.IO - Pronounced [yo] with a closed O sound. Used in the  addition  example above.NI - When followed by another vowel, it is pronounced [ny]. If its followed by a consonant, the I follows the rules above and the N follows its own rules. For example,  une  nià ¨ce   (niece) versus  un  niveau  (level, standard).OI  - Pronounced [wa].OUIL  - Pronounced [uj]. TI - When followed by a vowel, TI sounds like [sy] as in un  dictionnaire  (dictionary). If a consonant follows this combination, the T follows its rules and the I follows the rules above. A perfect example is  actif  (active).UI  - Sounds like the English we. For example,  huit  (eight) and  la  cuisine  (kitchen, cooking).UIL and UILLE - When UIL follows a consonant, the sound is [weel] (with the exception of  un building). For instance,  juillet (July).  With UILLE, the double L transforms it to [weey] as in  une  cuillà ¨re  (spoon).

voice recognition essays

voice recognition essays The future is here! Computers deciphering speech, cars commandeered by satellite and miracles of miniaturization are a reality. Are you ready to take advantage of this technology? Voice recognition along with these other new advances in technology are going to vastly increase the accessibility and function of personal computers. As viable working speech recognition software reaches the people the way we work with computers will be transformed. This hands-free technology will allow our words per minute to be dictated by our ability to express coherent ideas verbally, versus our typing skills. At first we may have to tolerate some clunky or limited command interactions but as the software evolves we can expect to see even greater accessibility for people of lesser computer skills. For those who use computers daily, hand held computers with voice input will increase their own ability to multitask. We'll soon be able to walk, talk, word-process and chew gum all at once. The miniaturization of technology is putting greater power in our grasp daily. The personal computer will soon be off our lap and in our palm. What used to take up the space of a desk may soon be no larger than a Walkman. This technology is bound to put a dent in your pocketbook, however we can expect that competition in the market will eventually lower prices. Advancements in heads up display, or HUD technology will further integrate the computer with our everyday lives. Developed early on for fighter pilots, the military now has a lightweight headgear unit for the foot soldier. This marriage of information at a glance and sustained interaction with the non-virtual world will be a breakthrough for ease of use in the civilian domain. If you thought Walkmans were annoying, we may now have to listen to the chatter of these people walking around with their computer headsets. Those with the latest in guidance and navigational technology in their automobi...

Business Policy case analysis on Samsung Electronics - it is a case Essay

Business Policy case analysis on Samsung Electronics - it is a case analysis and I will attach the case and more details below - Essay Example gion, for this purpose one of the main things that need to be studied are the strengths and weaknesses of the company, a SWOT analysis for the company follows. SWOT is basically an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, where strengths and weaknesses are internal and opportunity and threats exist in the external environment, with this basic understanding let us now discover the strengths of Samsung. Strengths for Samsung would be its human resources, because Samsung places such a high value on its human resources and believes in rewarding its labor and not punishing them makes a whole lot of difference because employees are more motivated to work and they have a strong sense of loyalty to the company; this makes a whole lot of difference as people would put in more effort for the company to succeed in achieving its targets and in bad times they would be much more supportive of the company which may include accepting a lower wage for the period that the company is suffering because there is a sense of ownership and belonging with respect to the company. At Samsung this is achieved by relieving the employees of the 90% of their burden such as healthcare for them and their family and retirement , with these burdens taken care of, it allows employees more freedom to concentrate on their work rather than worrying about other things.. Another important aspect is that Samsung places a lot of value on high quality and it develops that through research and development, it spends heavily on research and development and it has been unique in developing the way that it encourages people to research. It has an annual competition between two teams, one in California and the other in Korea itself, these two teams develop a new and better product each other and have been the source of many new product designs for Samsung, this is a strength that most of its competitors may lack and it gives Samsung a definitive edge over other competitors in the market, it

A report into the Importance of smoking cessations IN patients with Essay

A report into the Importance of smoking cessations IN patients with COPD - Essay Example This paper will now critically evaluate evidence-based practice on the impact and the importance of smoking cessation among COPD patients. This topic is of importance because smoking is a major issue among COPD patients and the importance of smoking cessation has to be supported with evidence in order to provide practitioners as well as patients with logical foundations for their actions or inactions. Evidence-based practice has been considered one of the most crucial improvements in the health practice (Hjorland, 2011). Its application has assisted health professionals in the assessment of the most current evidence in the administration of patient care. The significance and multidisciplinary application of evidence-based practice is based on ideology and method (Hjorland, 2011). The ideology is based on ethical principles of clients deserving to be given the most effective of interventions. The method is the means by which individuals go about discovering and then later implementing the interventions (Duffy, Fisher, and Munroe, 2008). Under these conditions, evidence based practice indicates the commitment of the practitioner to use all the different means by which the strong evidence for any given situation can be applied (Duffy, et.al., 2008). Establishing best knowledge would require computer searches; moreover, it is a major challenge among practitioners since the techniques of finding effective interventions often require rigorous processes (Raines, 2008). Where practitioners applying empirically-based practice would make do with the use of two or three studies as evidence of effectiveness, evidence-based practice often involves the long and protracted search for numerous evidence to support efficacy (Raines, 2008). Evidence-based practice also involves the critical appraisal of evidence, mostly in terms of validity and utility within practice.