Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rework - Essay Example On the off chance that a firm is working at or close to limit, it isn't probably going to induce a cost war since it needs to raise its costs to expand benefits. Additionally, a firm might not have the assets to drastically lessen the cost of a noteworthy item. 6. â€Å"Pricing participation is bound to rise in business sectors where one firm raises a cost and contenders stick to this same pattern and pieces of the overall industry stay unaltered. It is less inclined to function admirably in business sectors where value coordinating may not leave pieces of the overall industry consistent. Assess this announcement. Would you be able to consider conditions under which cost coordinating conduct could change pieces of the pie? More noteworthy costs will consistently profit an organization. Additionally, it is simpler for an organization to watch more significant expenses as opposed to bring down costs. In this occasion, the cost of a decent demonstrations like an indistinguishable component of the market. A firm that could increase a huge piece of the pie because of lessening costs would be slanted to utilize cost coordinating conduct. Firms that are seen to deliver top notch items may likewise consider this system. 7. Assume that you were an industry examiner attempting to decide if the main firms in the vehicle fabricating industry are playing a blow for blow estimating game. What true information would you need to inspect? What might you consider to be proof of blow for blow estimating? This present reality information that I would need to consider would be the promoted cost for an item. To show signs of improvement comprehension of the market, I would contrast the current cost and the last money related period. 8. Investigations of estimating in the aircraft business show that transporters that rule center point air terminals (Delta in Atlanta, USAir in Pittsburgh, American in Dallas) will in general charge higher passages on normal for trips into and out of the center air terminal than other, non-prevailing bearers flying all through the center. What may clarify this example of costs? Above all else, bearers that

History of Healthcare and Economics Free Essays

This paper will talk about the history and advancement of social insurance financial aspects and medicinal services subsidizing courses of events. In the 21st Century social insurance has demonstrated to be one the biggest enterprises world. The social insurance industry has changed drastically over the most recent hundred years. We will compose a custom paper test on History of Healthcare and Economics or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now As changes and movement are analyzed, it becomes more clear that medicinal services and the economy it has made, is a significant piece of American life. The manner in which the assets stream in the human services framework permits budgetary supervisors to follow the cash through the social insurance framework. The underlying progression of assets has definitely changed consistently. The financial matters of human services, â€Å"the investigation of how rare assets are designated among elective uses for the consideration of disorder and the advancement, upkeep and improvement of wellbeing, including the investigation of how medicinal services and wellbeing related administrations, their expenses and advantages, and wellbeing itself are conveyed among people and gatherings in society†, as per The diary of Mental Health Policy and Economy (2006). There are records as ahead of schedule as the turn of twentieth century that show that human services suppliers charged for administrations including medical procedures, for example, tumor evacuation, appendectomies and gynecological activities. Administrations may have been traded for things, for example, domesticated animals, food things, or cotton. The patient or their family may have traded administrations for understanding consideration. No type of human services protection was accessible; costs were not set by any association or individual. Doctors of the mid twentieth century were tradesmen and basically representative. Patients addressed the full cost for the clinical administrations offered by the doctor. As indicated by PBS (n. d. ), in the 1910’s a few reformers contend that there ought to be a type of medical coverage. In spite of the fact that the thought appeared to have some help, numerous doctors and other intrigue bunches didn't support. War World One occurred in 1917 and for the second human services change was set aside for later. The absence of innovation and insufficient wellbeing places raise the measure of cost required for clinical consideration. The current financial and war condition of the nation took need over medicinal services change. General Motors offers disaster protection for 180,000 specialists through Metropolitan Life. A similar time doctors’ compensation expanded. During the Great Depression, it became evident that there ought to be a type of advantages for people as they arrived at retirement age. Rather than medical coverage, the Social Security Act was passed. During the Roosevelt Administration, numerous reformers pushed for medical coverage once more, yet clashes inside the nation by and by pushed for human services protection. Blue Cross began offering private protection for emergency clinic care in numerous states despite the fact that it was viewed as an impractical notion by numerous protection experts. The timetable from the PBS (n. d. ), site in the 1940’s an extreme reorganization occurred. War World Two wages were topped and controlled on American businesses. Organizations started offering medical advantages to rival different managers. This thought has started the business based framework that is utilized by bosses today. A Universal Healthcare plan is presented by President Truman, however is rarely utilized. The American Medical Association (AMA) accepts the arrangement is Communist in nature. As the Korean War drew closer, medicinal services change was by and by a low need. The legislature set up a strategy that would make the central government answerable for wiped out poor. Numerous individuals in 1950’s can no longer bear the cost of human services protection, particularly the individuals who don't work. The cost of emergency clinic care multiplied. President Johnson signs Medicare and Medicaid into law. During the 60’s, in excess of 700 insurance agencies are selling medical coverage. During the 1980’s Medicare starts charging protection by the finding and not the treatment of the patient. Innovation, inoculations, drugs, and an ascent in clinic costs raise human services costs massively. Medicare’s high use rates and quick swelling of the economy likewise influenced the greater expense of human services. Human services has seen numerous progressions over the previous years, yet all the progressions have made the social insurance framework and the financial aspects of the framework to this point. As the (GDP) , which is the all out market of social insurance, began to increment every year, the private segments of human services, government controlled substances, and insurance agencies benefit and change arrangements, which thusly expands the (GDP). An expansion in populace, maturing populace and transferable infections, for example, Hepatitis, HIV, AIDS, and Tuberculosis has expanded the expense of social insurance even as of late. Little deductibles, low copayments, and boss based social insurance protection have formed the thought in numerous patients’ minds that the patient should utilize clinical administrations frequently to â€Å"get what they pay for. † This has made an irregularity of gracefully and request. There are various reports that there is a deficiency of suppliers. Quick preparing of Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners are being instructed and prepared to help fill the hole of the various measures of patients that need clinical consideration. The flexibility in medicinal services has constrained changes to be made in human services charging and protection. The expanded measures of patients that need clinical consideration have expanded the measure of suppliers required. The expanded expenses of social insurance, innovation, research, medications, and absence of assets accessible for Medicare have constrained a cost increment for patients. Numerous businesses think that its progressively hard to give exorbitant protection to representatives. Flexibility of administrations may typically request an abatement in cost, yet costs have been inelastic in nature. Versatility can likewise directly affect when the administration intercedes to set a reasonable cost for administrations as indicated by Tutor2U (2006). The insurance agencies assume an enormous job in deciding the measure of cash that is required for clinical consideration. Gracefully and request contrast so enormously in the social insurance network than some other assistance or industry, making flexibly and request a totally different story than basically purchasing milk or a PC. Macroeconomics is the part of financial matters that manages the economy in general, for example, joblessness rates, flattening and expansion. Microeconomics manages the insurance agencies and other human services related angles that are influenced by the economy fall into an increasingly explicit classification known as microeconomics. As the entire economy changes, families, patients and people must decide to settle on choices dependent on the economy. Medicinal services choices inside networks and family unit are instances of microeconomics. As advances in human services are presented, government guidelines are presented and the economy faces numerous difficulties later on, social insurance will probably observe more changes to come. Step by step instructions to refer to History of Healthcare and Economics, Papers

OUR BLOOD essays

OUR BLOOD articles Cow-like Spongiform Encephalopathy in our Blood Supply The prosperity of the blood flexibly has consistently been an essential part of human presence. It is regular information that the current blood flexibly is inadequate to the expanding use of blood and blood items. Incidentally, as the subject of blood gift emerges in the public arena, fears and questions with regards to how sterile and stimulating the blood of blood benefactors regularly surface. For example, there is a lot of analysis over permitting outside voyagers to Great Britain the chance to give their blood. This analysis originates from the conviction that the Great Britain endemic of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or Frantic Cow Disease) can be physiologically identified with the deadly Creutzfeldt-Jakob sickness in people. Despite the fact that there is not really any logical proof that bolsters this charge, the United States Department of Agriculture and the FDA have presented severe limitations concerning the importation of British cows items and the blood gift o f British explorers. Pundits, government officials, and the overall population regularly use the guess of ill-conceived realities and fantasies to shape their suppositions concerning BSE. This is fine and extraordinary, yet I accept a legitimate assessment regarding the matter must be sponsored by critical realities involving the clinical the study of disease transmission and history of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, its connection to other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), conceivable transmission to the human species, the reasons for Creutzfeldt-Jakob malady, and any connections among BSE and Creutzfeldt-Jakob infection. My assessment, in view of the realities, is the thing that I offer to you. Cow-like Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Cow-like spongiform encephalopathy is a lethal mind illness of steers. BSE is generally basic in dairy cows, however not uncommon in meat steers either. Steers influenced by BSE experience a dynamic degeneration of the sensory system. Contaminated creatures may show changes in conduct, for example, anxious... <!

How to Utilize Abstract Topics For Essay

How to Utilize Abstract Topics For EssayAbstract topics for essay is one of the most effective ways to showcase what you know about the topic you are writing about. With many writing classes taught by professors, it is easy to get ideas and pieces of information from them. However, when you are having to write your own essays, what you need is a way to have that 'secret' knowledge that only the professors know.Abstract topics for essay is a means of turning this information in a way that can be found by the teacher. You can find this information and often get it, by having classmates or a reference book. If you want, you can get your knowledge into a word document, as the professor is sure to be able to find it in a word document.A good way to start with abstract topics for essay is to use the book of tables and maps that were used in some of the college-level courses that you took. They can be found at some of the local colleges or in the library. If you are taking a college level c ourse, you can generally use the table of contents of the textbook as a guide for the essay.For something that is not like a book, you can also make use of abstract topics for essay to help you find your way around the college level material. There are always the notes that are on the back of the books that have the topics that you should study, as well as the information that you should be looking at in the professor's office.You can also have a different way of learning about the topic of the essay by looking through a business reference. This is one way that you can learn about the topics that are in the subject matter that you are writing about. Look through the book of figures and statistics as a way to get your knowledge. As a matter of fact, you can also look up some of the dictionaries that can help you out on using the words in a different way, as well as the grammar as a way to learn the vocabulary in the topic that you are writing about.Articles on the internet can also b e a good way to get your information from. Articles on the topics that you need to know about can be found online. There are many websites that will have these types of articles on, and they can be found in just about any search engine.After reading your article and the article that is being used to help you out with your writing, you can then have another look through a dictionary, as there is a great chance that the words that you are looking for in the dictionary will be in the article that you are going to use as your essay. This will help you learn the meanings of the words that you are looking for, as well as the words that you need to know for your essay.

Financial Crisis Essay - 1111 Words

The Federal Reserve acted in reaction to the financial crisis in many ways. First, the Federal reserve decreased the federal funds rate to near zero to encourage inter bank lending. The Federal reserve then performed perhaps one of its most important functions. It acted as the lender of last resort to banks, including numerous innovative lending facilities. Through 2010 into 2014, the federal reserve did something it hadn’t done before. It enacted a quantitative easing program, in which they made additional purchases into mortgage backed securities (since there were fewer private buyers) and into government bonds (long term) in order to lower long term rates. That was because at the time the economy was caught in a liquidity trap. Money†¦show more content†¦While the monetary base did increase a lot due to the federal reserve’s recession fighting monetary policy, it was met with a much lower money multiplier because excess reserves ad depository institutions in creased drastically during the period(Mishkin). The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was passed in February of 2009. The Bill itself totaled in about $787 billion dollars. This piece of legislation entailed tax cuts, stat and local government aid, and an increase in government spending. The pieces of fiscal policy such as ARRA can be given credit to preventing a more severe financial crisis. Under an IS-LM framework, the increase in government spending and the tax cuts (which lead to an increase in consumption) helped push the economy out of the recession. The resulting policy helped prevent even worse declines in GDP and higher unemployment rates had the government not acted otherwise. Blinder and Zandi highlight in â€Å"How the Great Recession was Brought to an End† the unemployment rates with and without policy response. They noted that, in 2010 the unemployment rate with policy response was 9.8%, whereas without policy response it was forecasted to be 15.2%. One of the major aspect of the ARRA that was distinct from TARP is that it was a stimulus bill aimed more at the American public rather than Wall Street relief. The ARRA had seven components to it that were all intended to increase output, and decrease unemployment (Amadeo). The first componentShow MoreRelated The Structure of a Financial Crisis Essay4624 Words   |  19 PagesStructure of a Financial Crisis INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The year 2001 had been unlucky for Turkey. Apart from the crisis in 1994 and November 2000, the country had to face another financial crisis, causing problems in the management of its economy. Why does a country delve deep into financial crisis? What are the possible immediate triggers for both the current and potential new crises? What precautions should be taken for the key issues like the fragility of the financial and banking systemRead MoreFinancial Crisis Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesperiods of economic turmoil in the past several decades; the 1979 energy crisis, the Savings and Loans crisis of 1982, the â€Å"Black Monday† global stock market crashes of 1987, the Dotcom bubble of 2000-2, the recession of 2002-3, the housing bubble and subsequent crisis of 2006-2008. It is from many of these crises that we can observe a pattern; many periods of economic downturn could have been prevented had common sense financial policies been enacted prior to these red periods. A prime example ofRead MoreThe 2008 Financial Crisis Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pagestremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted in the collapse of massive financial institutionsRead MoreWere Business School to Blame for the Financial Crisis? Essays1286 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Were business school to blame for the financial crisis? †¢ What should business school do to help prevent similar crisis in the future? All over the world, global financial crisis is considered as one of the worst economic recessions, which has affected other countries in several parts of the world. Many people claim that business school is nurturing their students with less regard for the social responsibility and sustainability of a business success than there should be. The argument concerningRead MoreThe Current Financial Crisis Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesFrederic Mishkin makes the point in the text, The Economics of Money Banking, and Financial Markets (2010) that â€Å"Banks and other financial institutions are what make financial markets work. Without them, financial markets would not be able to move funds from people who save to people who have productive investment opportunities.† (p.7). The movement of funds between savers and those with productive investment opportunities is the means of creating growth. When people lose confidence in the economyRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis Essay858 Words   |  4 Pages(subprime mortgage defaults) in the United States (U.S.), then ballooned damaging crisis of the banking system not only in the United States but extends into Europe and into Asia. Successive cause a domino effect on the solvency and liquidity of financial institutions in these countries, among others, led to the bankruptcy of hundreds of banks, securities firms, mutual funds, pension funds and insurance. The crisis then spread to parts of Asia, especially countries such as Japan, Korea, China, SingaporeRead More Asian Financial Crisis Essay2964 Words   |  12 Pages In the summer of 1997, an economic and currency crisis rocked the Asian markets. One by one, Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Korea and Japan saw their economies crash in the wake of heavy foreign investment. An economic boom had made the region an attractive investment opportunity for much of the 1990s. By 1997, however, domestic production and development had stalled, and foreign investors grew nervous. A divestment run on the Thai baht triggered the crash. Large corporationsRead More The Global Financial Crisis Essay3569 Words   |  15 Pages1. Introduction 1.1. Background The Financial crisis was triggered in 2006 when US housing market began to crumble as the housing price reached their highest point after years of speculative price increase; many house owners defaulted on their loans, particularly subprime mortgagers (Archarya et al., 2009). Starting in mid-2007, the outburst of US housing bubble in the subprime mortgage leads to the global financial crisis that has been often so called ‘Great Recession’ (Verick and Islam, 2010)Read MoreImpact of Financial Crisis on Gulf Area Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe global financial crisis that was experienced in 2007/2008 affected many nations of the world. Some countries such as America and most European countries were hard hit since they were directly affected by the crisis. Other countries especially those in Asia and Africa were not adversely affected as they were not directly hit by the crisis. This crisis started in the United States after the housing bubble busted. Although the burst ing of the housing bubble was the main cause of the crisis, there wereRead MoreFinancial Crisis Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestors propagated the financial crises. Institutional investors, which is both, individual or companies do enjoy the benefits of reduced commission preferential regulations. This is due to their large and professional investments. Institutional investors like the mutual funds, pension funds, hedge funds like Magnetar Capital, and Life insurance companies like the AIG and investments trusts contributed to the global financial crises of 2007-2008. This financial crisis also referred to as the great

Effects Of Junk Food Essay - 714 Words

Stop poisoning your body and break your junk food habit What is junk food? Junk food is a kind of unhealthy food that contains high levels of calories from sugar or fat with little protein, vitamins or minerals. One Bad Meal Can Mess with Your Health The danger of the effects of junk food is that they are underestimated, you cant even imagine what will happen to your body after only one meal Published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology show this fact â€Å"It doesnt take a virtual month to experience the health effects of a poor diet. In fact, the changes happen after just one meal† Learning more about short-term and long-term effects of bad eating habit may inspire you to make unhealthy eating an exception rather than a†¦show more content†¦But some of the ingredients in fast foods can have a similar addictive effect. There are some kinds of food that can trigger craving and withdrawal, responses that are similar to those produced by addictive substances like alcohol and tobacco Your mind becomes unable to resist the refined salt and sugar, once you become addicted, the cravings are out of control until you are ready to take control. Here’s how to kick the habit. As with other addictive substances, Breaking these addictions and rewiring your brain is easier than you might think. When you Think right and make the right choices Follow these tips to cut down on sugar and break your junk food habit: Identify your triggers Awareness is an important first step. Pay attention to those moments when your cravings start so you can figure out what unleashed them. Eat Right. If you already have a healthy meal prepared, that will help you avoid unhealthy choices. Your meal must contain: Protein (found in fish, meat, poultry, dairy products, eggs, nuts, and beans). Fat (found in animal and dairy products, nuts, and oils). Carbohydrates (found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans and other legumes). Low-fat and fat-free dairy products. Minerals (such as calcium, potassium, and iron). Reduce your intake of added sugar: you must eliminate refinedShow MoreRelatedHigh Consumption Of Junk Food Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesconsuming large amounts of foods high in salt, fat and sugar due to low costs and easy accessibility. High consumption of junk-food is detrimental to human health and has resulted in the consideration of junk-food taxes all over the world in order to defeat the current obesity epidemic (Encarnaà §Ãƒ £o et al., 2016). Governments all over the world should tax foods and beverages that are high in fat, simple sugars and salt because obesity is a rising global issue and junk-food taxes will help to decreaseRead MoreENG4U IP EO1142 Words   |  5 PagesSoft Drinks and Junk Food Huang Kunting(Alice) Ms. Costa ENG4U-S7 January 22, 2015 Introduction Paragraph â€Å"Once you start dipping it’s hard to stop† (â€Å"Chicken McNugget†) is how McDonald’s describe Chicken McNuggets. People never stop their enthusiasm for McDonald’s. However, those fast food are defined as junk foods which contain numerous calories and are rarely good for health. Moreover, not only junk food but also soft drinks can affect society negatively. The effect of an increasingRead MoreShould Junk Food Be Banned in Schools1647 Words   |  7 PagesZHANG 1 HAO ZHANG Documented Essay -Draft #3 Professor Warmbold English 120, Section 06 4 May 2013 Should Junk Food Be Banned in schools? My aunt, who has been in New York City for more than 20 years, told me that in the past, she always made her two sons’ lunches to take to school during school years which was more nutritive and less expensive. Her sons at that time were energetic and played outside a lot. But soon after, they did not bring their own lunches anymore. TheyRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On People, Cancers And Type 2 Diabetes1252 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing interest in this matter. This essay is going to discuss the bad effects of obesity on people, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers and type-2 diabetes. Then, this essay will talk about the causes, and how junk food and bad diet can cause obesity. The causes of obesity are lack of exercise or inactivity and genetic genes as according to (Ebbeling, et al, (2002)), obesity can be caused due to genes, which is an unpreventable cause. Finally, this essay will give solutions for these causesRead MoreShould Junk Food Be Banned at School1699 W ords   |  7 PagesShould junk food be allowed at school? Junk food is generally defined as â€Å"a diet high in processed foods and soft drinks† (Wiles et al., 2009, p.1). By definition, junk food contains artificial food colorings and preservatives, including fast food, oily foods, snacks and high sugary beverage. Students usually eat snacks between meals. According to McPhail et al. (2011), the snacking habit among students has increased in the past twenty years. This means students are taking more junk food in a higherRead MoreThe Secrets Behind Modern Food1534 Words   |  7 PagesModern Food As we all know, food is necessary for survival. The food many of us eat today is so unhealthy that our grandparents laugh in the face of our plastic-wrapped, and genetically modified fruit and vegetables. Food is changing every day from the healthy food our grandparents remember to the processed junk that is made in environment-killing factories. Whether in a restaurant or convenient store, healthy foods are no longer popular, people would rather eat the greasy processed food that happensRead MoreArgument and Persuasion Essay625 Words   |  3 PagesMorgan ONeal December 13, 2011 ENC1101-22 Argument and Persuasion Essay Price for Healthy Living Eating unhealthy foods is one of the major causes of obesity today; but should there be a higher tax on all soft drinks and junk food? Should people be punished for eating what they want? Yes, there are health risks involved with an unhealthy diet but is a higher taxing on these foods the right alternative? With the price of healthcare raising maybe the extra tax could help alleviateRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesAddressing this issue is no easy task,Several experts have suggested implementing a junk food tax by the government. This would provide funding to regulate junk food, it is advertising, and many other areas improving our health. This idea has sparked a wide controversy in regard to the obesity issue, the benefits of such a tax plan, and our cherished individual freedom that health is our own responsibility. This essay examines, firstly the main reasons for the obesity epidemic, then focuses on theRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity895 Words   |  4 PagesAddressing this issue is no easy task,Several experts have suggested implementing a junk food tax by the government. This would provide funding to regulate junk food, it is advertising, and many other areas improving our health. This idea has sparked a wide controversy in regard to the obesity issue, the benefits of such a tax plan, and our cherished individual freedom that health is our own responsibility. This essay examines, firstly the main reasons for the obesity epidemic, then focuses on theRead MoreThe Problem Of Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 Pagesis spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seems like obesity has stuck with the American people. In the essay, called Politicians Want to tax us Thin, written by Kyle Smith, she states, â€Å"We know obesity is a problem, but just to be sure we need to spend more resources to study it† (501). Smith says that somehow we are unsuccessful to solve the problem of obesity

Disciplinary Procedure free essay sample

General Principles: it includes general information about the rules of company. Such as Informal Resolution, Investigation, Nature of allegations, First breach of discipline, Suspension, Right to be accompanied, Equality and Diversity,   Confidentiality,   Involvement of Human Resources,   Appeals against Sanctions including dismissal and Timescales. Informal Procedure: It is part of the normal supervisory process that managers bring to the attention of the employees the standards required and any failure to meet those standards. The purpose of these discussions is to ensure that the employee understands the nature of the concerns, expectations of improvements in conduct and where appropriate timescales and the nature of any support available Formal procedure: Where the informal process has not led to improved conduct, or where the alleged misconduct is of such seriousness that the manager considers informal action to be inappropriate, formal action will be initiated. Investigation: Before a disciplinary hearing is convened there will normally be an investigation into the circumstances of the alleged misconduct. The purpose of the investigation is to establish the nature of the allegations. Disciplinary Hearings: the employee will be given an opportunity to present his/her case, question witnesses and raise any issues she/he wishes to have considered. The decision may be given verbally at the hearing and will in any event be conveyed or confirmed in writing within five working days of the hearing. Formal Levels of Disciplinary Sanctions: There are three levels in the formal disciplinary procedure Level One Formal verbal warning Level Two Formal Final written warning Level Three Formal – Dismissal Appeals: it is against warnings, sanctions or action less than dismissal. The employee has the right to appeal against a decision to issue a warning or sanction, less than dismissal, under this procedure. The appeal will be heard by a manager that is senior to the manager who has made the decision to issue a sanction and who has had no prior involvement in the case. Redeployment of redundancy plan In the case of redundancy, either on a voluntary or compulsory basis, the decision should be made on the basis of fair, non-punitive and non-discriminatory criteria such as length of service, nature of work, job skills etc. An employee who is dismissed by reason of redundancy is eligible for severance payment but not long service payment. Employers are also encouraged to provide employees of different age groups with equal access to voluntary departure or Redundancy schemes, if any. Employers are encouraged to review their redundancy and dismissal procedures from time to time to ensure that such procedures are not discriminatory. The stress felt by a dismissed or retrenched employee is notable. An employee who is dismissed/retrenched not only suffers wage loss, but also the loss of a secure future. Hence, in cases of termination, employers should explore alternatives to dismissal or retrenchment. If retrenchments are unavoidable, consider these measures : 1. encourage employees to join voluntary exit plan. 2. ensure that the retrenchment criteria are objective, fair, open, non-punitive and non-discriminatory. 3. explain to the affected employees how the termination compensation is calculated. Redundancy situations can be stressful for all involved. Outplacement services provide the practical and emotional specialist career coaching support that will enable an individual to navigate the competitive job market and move into appropriate new employment as soon as possible. It also enables organisations to focus their energies on business operations rather than divert the sometimes considerable time and energy needed to support leavers and the morale of the retained team Individual * Confidence-building at a vulnerable time * Greater clarity and focus about their next role More time-efficient job search campaign * Improved success-rate in being shortlisted for target roles * Enhanced interview skills to win the job offer organization * Providing genuine help to those who are about to face the most competitive job market for decade. * Reduced conflict and fewer  legal disputes as individuals feel supported in their transition * Freeing up HR and line management time and energy * Maintaining the morale of the redundancy â€Å"survi vors† who see their exiting colleagues well-treated Outplacement Executive outplacement programmes for senior managers and directors * Job-search workshops where a number of staff are being made redundant * Career clinics providing drop-in career coaching appointments * Research and information services, including market intelligence, business information etc * Networking opportunities Stage 1. Identifying the Aim of Your Plan The aim is best expressed in a simple single sentence. This ensures that it is clear and sharp in your mind. If you are having difficulty in formulating the aim of your plan, ask yourself: †¢What do I want the future to be? What benefit do I want to give to myself and staff? †¢What standards am I aiming at? †¢What values do I and my organization believe in? Stage 2. Exploring Options At this stage it is best to spend a little time generating as many options as possible, even though it is tempting just to grasp the first idea that comes to mind. By taking a little time to generate as many ideas as possible you may come up with less obvious but better solutions. Stage 3. Selecting the Best Option Once you have explored the options available to you, it is time to decide which one to use. If you have the time and resources available, then you might decide to evaluate all options, carrying out detailed planning, costing, risk assessment, etc. for each. Stage 4. Detailed Planning Detailed planning is the process of working out the most efficient and effective way of achieving the aim. It is the process of determining who will do what, when, where, how and why, and at what cost. Stage 5. Evaluation of the Plan and its Impact This is frustrating after the hard work of detailed planning. It is, however, much better to find this out now than when you have invested time, resources and personal standing in the success of the plan. Evaluating the plan now gives you the opportunity to either investigate other options that might be more successful, or to accept that no plan is needed or should be carried out. Stage 6. Implementing Change Once you have completed your plan and decided that it will work satisfactorily, it is time to implement it. Your plan will explain how! It should also detail the controls that you will use to monitor the execution of the plan. Stage 8. Closing the Plan Once you have achieved a plan, you can close the project. At this point is often worth carrying out an evaluation of the project to see whether there are any lessons that you can learn. This should include an evaluation of your project planning to see if this could be improved. Disciplinary interview is divided in to three level and they are: Level 1- verbal warning Level 2- Final written warning Level 3– Dismissal The following are the question ask on each level Level 1- verbal warning: 1. Were you late for office? 2. Did you take longer break? 3. Do you offend sleep on working hour? 4. Do you ignore company’s rules? 5. Did u misbehave with any staff? 6. Did you discriminate your team member? 7. Don’t you your wear uniform? 8. Did you harm company properties? 9. Did you ignore customer compliments? 10. Do you often make mistake on filing? Level 2- written warning: 1. Were you absence on the following days without any information to HR? 2. Did you damage company’s properties by knowingly? 3. Were you taken bride from customer? 4. Did you explore company’s agenda or policy? . Were you fighting with staff? Question for exit interview 1. What is your primary reason for leaving? 2. What was your most and least satisfying about your job? 3. Did this company help you to fulfill your goals? 4. What would you improve to make our workplace better? 5. Did any company policy and procedure make your job more difficult? 6. What did you like least about this company? 7. What does your new company offer that this company doesn’t? 8. What if we increase your salary ? 9. If we change our Pamp; P ,will you come back? 10. Any other comment?

5 Sentences Rendered More Concise

5 Sentences Rendered More Concise 5 Sentences Rendered More Concise 5 Sentences Rendered More Concise By Mark Nichol 1. It is essential for management to have the ability to assess how good the organization is at embracing risk. This is a case of a smothered verb- a verb converted into noun form, which complicates the sentence because a new verb must be conjured to accompany the newly formed noun. In this case, the simple verb phrase â€Å"be able† is sufficient: â€Å"It is essential for management to be able to assess how good the organization is at embracing risk.† The sentence can be further condensed to â€Å"It is essential that management be able to assess how well the organization embraces risk.† and even â€Å"Management needs to be (or, better yet, â€Å"must be†) able to assess how good the organization is at embracing risk.† 2. The process should consider factors arising from a change in business context and factors currently existing but not yet known. Currently is almost invariably superfluous. In this context, as in most cases, existing is sufficient to set the sentence in the present: â€Å"The process should consider factors arising from a change in business context and factors existing but not yet known.† (Any verb in the present tense, in fact, will generally suffice.) 3. The authorities will be conducting an investigation into the incident. Often, a sentence such as this one can use the simpler of the two forms of simple future tense: â€Å"The authorities will conduct an investigation into the incident.† Better yet, however, note the smothered verb and simplify to â€Å"The authorities will investigate the incident.† 4. The success of this comprehensive work hinges on attention to details and also the outcomes of work and decisions performed in the previous strategizing phase. When also directly (or distantly) follows and, the adverb is redundant to the conjunction: â€Å"The success of this comprehensive work hinges on attention to details and the outcomes of work and decisions performed in the previous strategizing phase.† 5. The organization must decide at the planning stage whether or not these data points help provide a greater view of its risk profile. When the phrase â€Å"whether or not† appears, the second and third words are likely extraneous: â€Å"The organization must decide at the planning stage whether these data points help provide a greater view of its risk profile.† The exception is when the phrase modifies a verb, as in â€Å"Whether or not we win, we’re still going to the playoffs,† where it modifies win. In other words, when â€Å"whether or not† means â€Å"regardless of whether,† retain the full phrase. Check out our latest YouTube video: Yours sincerely vs. Yours faithfully Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 10120 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsComment, Suggestion, and Feedback

Memorandum Essay Example

Memorandum Essay Example Memorandum Essay Memorandum Essay This is to request your approval to distribute the Depression Handout prepared for the institution’s entire population. The handouts are support materials to the powerpoint presentation to be used during our regular learning session at the end of the month where we scheduled the topic on depression. They are worded and formatted for easy understanding of the inmates and induce support and cooperation. Depression may be experienced by a number of inmates especially that a growing number of them are resorting to alcoholism and drugs. It is important that knowledge of this condition be known to everybody so that whoever may be in having depression will be understood and provided treatment. It is the objective of this project to identify who among the inmates are experiencing depression and may be encouraged to subject themselves to treatment. With this humble project, Michael and many others may be saved from further sufferings and at least make their stay in this institution worthwhile living. For your approval, please. Handling Depression â€Å"I am now the most miserable man living. If what I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would be not one cheerful face on earth. Whether I shall ever be better, I cannot tell. I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am is impossible. I must die or be better it appears to me.† Abhraham Lincoln (who suffered from depression in his adult life) We are one community in this institution. We have among us, those that suffer from depression. It may be them, it may be you. What is important is that you know the circumstances, what it is and how to go about it. 1. What is depression? When you feel an extremely deep sadness and lose the interest in any thing you do, a feeling of worthlessness and hopelessness, and when you cannot eat and sleep well and have problems in concentrating and physical complaints, chances are, you have depression. 2. If you are depressed, then you are not alone. One out of five people will have depression at some time in their life. One in 2o Americans suffer from depression severe enough to require medical treatment. (Bloomfield 1996) 3. You do not have to suffer, depression can be treated. Statistics say that more than 80% of people with depression can be successfully treated. Treatments are usually short term and through medication or counseling therapy. (Bloomfield 1996) Treatment of the illness is usually inexpensive but there is no price for better health, efficiency, improved relationship and enjoyable life. 4. Alcohol and drugs will not help. Resorting to alcohol and drug abuse will not help the situation. It will only worsen and there will be no relief. Many inmates tried to get drunk just to get over the emotional low, but they never felt relieved of it, worse, some tried even suicide which is very dangerous. 5. If you know that you need help then do not hesitate. Let the doctor know. Going through depression on your own does not make you brave. Asking for help is brave. There is no price for better health, efficiency, improved relationship and enjoyable life. References 1. Bloomfield, Harold H. and Peter McWilliams (1996) â€Å"How to Deal with Depression† About.com. Retrieved 12 October 2007 from http://alcoholism.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Yasdn=alcoholismcdn=healthtm=49gps=61_12_788_419f=20su=p247.3.140.ip_p284.8.150.ip_tt=14bt=0bts=0zu=http%3A//www.hypericum.com/dep/dep1a.htm 2. â€Å"Depression† (2007) Psychiatry24x7.com Jannsen Pharmaceutica NV. Retrieved 12 October 2007 from psychiatry24x7.com/homes/depression.jhtml

Sir William Blackstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sir William Blackstone - Essay Example Another strength of William Blackstone is depicted in the style he wrote the Commentaries. The Commentaries exhibit great simplicity, elegance, and clarity, especially in the language that was used to write it. The literary qualities employed are considered high, as well as the aspect of flattery on the side of public prejudices. For this reason, William Blackstone’s work had a great influence in England. This was accepted by the public and authorities in England as a revelation of the law that was highly authoritative. This served the same purpose to the educated class of England, as that of the publications of the previously unknown Roman laws to the Romans. Today, most of the English people still consider the criticism of William Blackstone of the English constitution, as a major political conviction.To a larger extent, Sir William Blackstone had considerable weaknesses, which became a basis for his critics. First, Blackstone is considered to have had only a vague grasp of the basic conceptions of law. This is evident in his regard for the English law during his time. His perception of municipal laws was also highly questionable. He is also considered not to have a proper conception of the technical terms of the Roman law, owing to his distinction between the rights that pertain to people and those that pertain to things. Although William Blackstone did not perform only the work that pertains to a legal commentator, he failed to address some important aspects in the social realm.

The Economics of Natural Resource Availability Essay

The Economics of Natural Resource Availability - Essay Example Every market strategy should cover the price and output strategy, the reaction of price and output strategy of other competitors in the market. There are large numbers of applications of business in this technological and advanced scenario. There are web and net facilities to all one should have an access to the internet facilities for business helps in advertising the introduction of the products and new designs The computer programming one of the most important things to consider the work based on software’s introducing different software. Small industries at small scales mean the garment factory leather and so on, small educational institutions such as small schools, investments in the small business of departmental stores, whole sellers and retailers. Keynes describes the study of unemployment with the business cycle he gives the study of aggregate demand. In Keynes view, using applying the fiscal policy can reduce the fluctuations in business cycle and monetary policy fiscal policy is the government policy and monetary policy concerned with the policy by a central bank and the government departments too. The Keynesian economics is based on the 20th-century ideas. In the Keynesian view, there are many macroeconomic variables, which have an impact on the individual’s microeconomics functions. In Keynesian economics, the discussion of aggregate demand with the individuals demands the goods. In his view there are many changes bring by the government by implementing the fiscal and monetary policy to take control over the economy and prevent it from downfall. The supply side economics is concerned with the implementation of monetary and fiscal policy it focuses on the monetary policy the study of money demand and its supply monetary policy is only concerned with the changes in the money supply not with the interest rate, the changes in interest rates are managed by the fiscal policy.  Ã‚  

Program and Policy Analysis Essay Example for Free

Program and Policy Analysis Essay A gang is a group formed by a number of people, who share a same identity either through formation, or organization. According to Charles (2003), the word gang is often associated with a negative connotation. Gang activities are wide and vary from typical organized groups that involve themselves in crimes, to a general class of certain behavior that carry out a collective action intended to attain social solidarity or cohesion, especially in cults, gangs, political parties or unions. Studies have shown that, various approaches have been applied by the government, the society, law enforcers, and even the experts in an attempt to fight with the social problems caused by various gang groups. The effort is also intended to prevent formation of gangs, to rehabilitate the gangs and punish those who engage themselves in criminal activities within the gang groups. It has been stated that, gang groups differ due to different experiences in culture which include drugs, territory and nightlife. Various Approaches to Gangs The gang culture approach. According to Shaw, McKay (2004), this approach looks at the cultural experiences of the young people as the key factor which leads to the formation of gang groups. Young people and especially the blacks have felt discriminated by the media and other social groups; hence they have a tendency to form gangs by feeling hated and stereotyped. Other factors such as the way in which policies of the local governments are set up, deprivation and racism have contributed to the rise of gangs. The supporters of this approach try to prevent such factors that contribute to formation of gangs, so as to reduce the number of young people joining various gang groups. The aggressive approach is applied by the harsh and conservative governments, who believe that force must be used in order to deal with criminals in the society. Miller (2000) posited that, such governments believe in the application of harsh laws which include the use of guns to fight criminals in the society. These governments employ a Zero-tolerance principle on criminal actions. The main aim and objective of this group is to bring criminal acts in the society to the end by doing away with any gangs that may be causing such evil in the society. The belief of the aggressive governments is that, harsh measures will instill fear to the youth and discourage them from joining gangs. The liberal approach on the other hand opposes the application and the passing of harsh laws in dealing with gangs. The liberal approach is of the view that, softer laws should be applied with the aim of rehabilitating the gang members and making them better people to live in the society. This approach advocates for the formation of rehabilitation institutions, where various criminals are kept for purposes of rehabilitation other than just applying the punishment measures. The sociological approach of deviance starts by describing and explaining gangs. This approach believes that, it is important to first understand the causes which lead to the formation of a certain gang, before measures can be put in place either for intervention or prevention of such a group. This approach therefore involves researchers to carry out an interactive interview with various groups from different cultures to find out the factors that contribute to the rise of gangs. It is after the findings that strategies and policies are put in place to deal with the problem. Conditions Under which a specific Policy may be Effective and the Requirements The liberal approach can work effectively where the government offers good support to the policy makers and the prison departments in dealing with gang members in the society. For this approach to work, there is need to put in place policies which would allow a good interaction between various gang members and the law enforcers such that, people like the police can first understand the problems which lead to the formation of such gangs so that they can know how to handle the criminals (Shaw, McKay, 2004). A proper rehabilitation center should be established where the reformed criminals can be used to assist those who are engaging in crimes to change by advising them and acting as a symbol, showing that reformation is possible. There is need for the government intervention by provision of funds and trained personnel to handle criminals. There is also need to put in place preliminary data, program performance and developed working strategies to ensure that the policy works out effectively. Assessment of a Local Policy Program One of the best programs applied locally in the U. S is the comprehensive community-wide approach to the intervention of gangs, gang prevention as well as gang suppression. Where all the required equipments and policies are availed, the conditions are suitable to deal with the problem of gangs in the society. Cohen (2005) observed that, this program has been put in place and is designed to test and implement a comprehensive and accurate model for limiting the number of young people who involve them in violence. The U. S government has contributed funds and established institutions which are used to enable this approach work among the youths in the society. The sites set for this work include the OJJDPs which is equipped with strong prospects to ensure the approach is successful, preliminary data, program performance and developed working strategies have been put in place. Other sites include the San Antonio Site, the Tuscon, Bloomington and the Mesa. The program involves the whole community in various programs where gang assessment is done, strategies are made, and consensus building is done and is a team oriented method which is used to solve social problems. Shaw, McKay (2004) stated that, the program mobilizes the community including the community groups, individual groups, citizens and various agencies, who are provided with social opportunities, economic and academic support. The intervention approach is applied here where the institutions use social intervention street workers, to interact and engage the youth gangs who often stay on the streets in various helpful activities. Gang suppression is done where informal and formal control measures of criminal justice system and juvenile procedures are carried out appropriately. In comparing this local approach with the earlier approaches analyzed out in this study, the comprehensive community-wide program has been effective, as it captures the elements discussed by other approaches, by ensuring that gang members are first of all well understood by considering the factors that contribute to the formation of such gangs and then moving ahead to tackle the problem (Cohen, 2005). The program has been effective in involving the community in various programs where gang assessment is done, strategies are made, consensus building is done, and a team oriented method is used to solve social problems. This is a successful way of ensuring that gang members and those who may intend to join various gang groups feel as part of the society and avoid engaging in any criminal acts.

Plea Bargains: Currency of The Courts Essay -- Law

â€Å"Rahim Jaffer case heads for plea-bargain†; former Alberta MP Rahim Jaffer was being charged on cocaine possession and drunk-driving charges; his case was likely to be resolved with a plea-bargain agreement (Makin, 2010). This is but one case of many that are settled though a plea-bargain agreement. Plea-bargaining can take the form of a sentence reduction, a withdrawal or stay of other charges, or, a promise not proceed on other charges, in exchange for a guilty plea by an accused. During discussion of a potential plea bargain agreement, the Crown Attorney and defence lawyer will look at 4 distinct sections of a plea negotiation: charge discussions, sentence discussions, procedural discussions, and agreements as to the facts of the offence and the narrowing of issues in order to expedite the trial ("Plea bargaining," 2011). According to the Department of Justice, approximately 90% of criminal cases are resolved each year by use of plea-bargaining (â€Å"Findlaw,† 2012). Despite what appears on its face to be rampant use of the plea agreement, plea negotiations are incredibly helpful to our court system. First, plea agreements serve to diminish the overload of cases and avoid lengthy trials, thus avoiding appeals of trial decisions and allowing greater access to the justice system. In turn, a less burdened court system can focus its efforts on the most serious of criminal offences thereby ensuring that such cases are handled in the manner with the greatest likelihood of securing a conviction. Overall, this judicial efficiency results in a cost savings and better allocation of resources. This paper will explore these two main benefits and also discuss potential criticisms of the plea bargain system. Plea-Bargaining has become... ..., 2012, from http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/icg-gci/pb4-rpc4.html Plea bargaining. (2011, February 28). Retrieved from http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/rev2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=378&Itemid=197 Plea bargaining in canada. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2002/rr02_5/p3.html Romaniuk, T. (n.d.). Centre for Constitutional Studies - R. v. Askov.Faculty of Law Home - University of Alberta. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.law.ualberta.ca/centres/ccs/rulings/Ask Tappscott. (2012). street directory. Retrieved from http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/14026/legal_matters/plea_bargaining_pros_and_cons.html Young, R. (2011, November 16). Cutbacks have some courts dismissing criminal cases. Here & Noe. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.hereandnow.wbur.org/2011/11/16/budget-cuts-court

Managerial Economics and Business Strategy

Dr. David J. St. Clair Managerial Economics and Business Strategy 3551 #6 Answers – Summer 2012 1. What type of evidence did Dupont introduce in its plastic wrap trial that proved decisive in its acquittal? __ It brought in cross elasticities to show that there were many substitutes for plastic wrap. It then argued that the market had to be defined to include all substitutes. This broadened the definition of the market to the point where DuPont’s market share was small. ___ 2. What had Alcoa done that made the judge find it guilty of being a monopoly? It had a market share above 90%_. Did the judge rule that Alcoa was a â€Å"dirty† firm? _ No ___ 3. Why did the verdict in the U. S. Steel antitrust case confuse everyone? __ U. S. Steel was ruled to be â€Å"reasonable† under the courts â€Å"Rule of Reason† doctrine. This was confusing because the company had a notorious reputation for price fixing and uncompetitive practices __ 4. Bill Gates took a very aggressive approach to dealing with the Justice Department in the Microsoft case even though Microsoft had an â€Å"Alcoa Problem. † What was Microsoft’s â€Å"Alcoa Problem? ___ Microsoft had a large market share approaching the 90% threshold established in the Alcoa case ___ 5. When something is illegal â€Å"per se,† what does this mean? __ The government only has to prove that you did it; motive or intent does not matter ___ 6. What was the remedy in the Standard oil and American Tobacco cases? __ divestiture (i. e. , the companies were broken up) ____ 7. What, according to Andrew Carnegie, was destructive competition? ___ excessive and ruthless competition among big firms that eliminated profits but not competitors __ 8. When we were discussing oligopoly, we referred to the two faces of oligopoly.Which face of oligopoly was Carnegie referring to in his discussion of ‘destructive competition? ’ the non-cooperative, extremely competitive r ivalry _ 9. What does the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act require? ___ pre-merger notification and approval by the Justice Department and the FTC ____ 10. What is a tying contract (or agreement)? __ a firm refuses to seel product that you want unless you also buy one of the firm’s other products ___ 11. The Sherman Act was short and sweet. It outlawed two things. Identify both: a. ___being a monopoly ______________________ b. ___trying to become a monopoly __________________________ 2. Which antitrust act made vertical market foreclosure a violation of antitrust laws? __ the Celler-Kefauver Act __ 13. What was the reason why the European Union blocked the merger of GE and Honeywell? __ It violated the EU’s â€Å"portfolio power† doctrine __ 14. What is a â€Å"soft loan? † ___a government loan that is never going to be paid back; a disguised subsidy __. Why have many American economists likened â€Å"portfolio power† to a soft loan? ___They argue that portfo lio power is a disguised protectionist policy masquerading as an antitrust policy___ 15. What was IBM’s defense in its mainframe computer antitrust case? _ It challenged the government’s narrow â€Å"large main-frame computer† definition of the relevant market ___ 16. What was DuPont convicted of in the GM case (be specific). ______ vertical market foreclosure ____ 17. What precedent did the Pabst Brewing case set? __if the market is a local, then the relevant market must be local ____ 18. What precedent did the Staples/Office Depot case set? ___the Justice Department or the FTC can disallow a merger based on the anticipated price and competitive consequences ________________ 19. What happened to U. S. antitrust policy following the E. C. Knight case? __ as a consequence of the E.C. Knight case, antitrust laws did not apply to manufacturing and there was a wave of mergers in the manufacturing sector __ 20. In the 1890s, German courts were taking a very different approach to cartels and antitrust. What did the German court rule in the pulp cartel case? __ cartel agreements were legally enforceable contracts; cartels were legal and socially beneficial ___ 21. What was Brown Shoe accused of in the Kinney Shoe antitrust case? ____ vertical market foreclosure _____ 22. What was the remedy in the Brown Shoe/Kinney Shoe Case? ____ The merger was disallowed and the two firms were separated _______ 3. What does the firm have to do in a consent decree? _ stop the offending practices without admitting guilty _. What does the Justice Department agree to do in return? ___ drops the case _ 24. Why do most firms prefer a consent decree to a trial, even when they feel that they are innocent? __ the case is quickly resolved and there is no conviction that can be used to expose the firm to civil suits seeking triple damages __ 25. Are interlocking directorates illegal per se? Yes. Is price fixing illegal per se? Yes 26. Are tying contracts illegal per se? Y es Is price discrimination illegal per se? _ No 7. How can the Justice Department and the FCC respond to a notification of merger filed under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act? (Hint: they have three options. ) __1) approve; 2) deny; or 3) approve with conditions __ 28. English Common law became the basis for American Common Law. What dos the Common Law say about damages for parties injured by restraint of trade? ___ injured parties are can collect triple damages ____ 29. Which type of elasticity is often important in antitrust cases? _ cross elasticity __ 30. Why did the Justice Department allege that Microsoft was using a tying agreement or contract? ___The Justice Department alleged that Microsoft was tying the MS-DOS operating system to the purchase of its browser ___ 31. Bill Gates was rather arrogant and combative in dealing with the Justice Department in the Microsoft case. He seemed unaware of Microsoft’s â€Å"Alcoa problem. † What was Microsoft’s â€Å"Alcoa problem? † _________This is a duplicate question – see above____________ 32. How did IBM’s mainframe computer antitrust suit end? ___ the Justice Department dropped the case because the court was unlikely to accept its narrow definition of the relevant market ____ 33.Why was Microsoft accused of â€Å"vertical market foreclosure? † ___ Microsoft was accused of using its operation system monopoly (MS-DOS) to foreclose browser maker from the market ___ 34. Why was Nabisco giving up on its strategy of seeking to create a cracker of biscuit monopoly? __It was unable to eliminate competition, especially the competition of capitals __ 35. Why was Nabisco so open in its 1901 annual report about discussing its efforts to monopolize the cracker (biscuit) industry? __Because of the E. C. Knight Case, there were no antitrust laws in 1901 that pertained to manufacturing firms _ 6. In its 1901 annual report, Nabisco announced that it was giving up on its efforts at cre ating a cracker or biscuit monopoly. What was the company’s new strategy going to be? ____Nabisco was going to concentrate on making better products and creating a more efficient and competitive firm ___ 37. What did Liggett accuse Brown & Williamson Tobacco of doing in its law suit? (don’t simply say â€Å"of being a monopoly† or â€Å"violating antitrust laws†) ___Liggett accused Brown & Williamson of engaging in predatory pricing by selling it cigatettes at below Brown & Williams’ AVC______ 8. Under the Areeda-Turner test, predatory pricing is defined as a firm selling its product at a price ____below its average variable cost_____ 39. Was the Areeda-Turner test upheld (validated or confirmed) by the court in the Liggett vs. Brown & Williamson’s case? ___No, the Areeda-Turner test was replaced by the â€Å"recoupment test† ___ 40. What must a plaintiff (the one who files the law suit) do (show) in order to keep a predatory pricing law suit from being dismissed (thrown out even before it goes to trial) under the â€Å"recoupment test? ____The plaintiff must show that the defendant did have a reasonable chance of raising prices in the future to make up for, (that is, to recoup) its short term losses due to the low prices ___ 41. Does the recoupment test introduced in the Liggett vs. Brown & Williamson case make predatory pricing law suits more likely, less likely, or equally likely compared to the old Areeda-Turner test? ____less likely _____ 42. The courts have held that predatory pricing cases require a showing that a firm has reduced price below its costs. What is the relevant cost for this criterion? ________average Variable cost (AVC) _________ 3. Many economists have used the concept of â€Å"barriers to entry† in their criticism of predatory pricing antitrust laws. Explain their criticism. __Predatory pricing only makes sense if the firm can raise prices after using it to attain a monopoly and if it has barriers to entry that can keep new competitors out. However, if it had such barriers in the first place, it would probably not need predatory pricing. Predatory pricing does not give the firm the required barriers to entry, unless one envisions constant predatory pricing. But constant predatory pricing is nothing more than price competition. ___ 44.During the 1930s, large American cigarette companies faced competition from small cigarette companies offering new brands at 10 cents per pack. How did they meet and deal with this competition? __They resorted to predatory pricing, i. e. , they dramatically reduced their prices (in some case to below costs) in order to drive the new competitors out of the market ___ 45. Did the response of the â€Å"Big Four† tobacco companies to the challenge from the new 10-cent brands competitors in the early 1930s work? Why or why not? _the Four Majors were unable to drive out two competitors created by the 10-cent brand episode.They h ad a 91 percent market share before the episode and only a 69 percent market share after. Two formidable competitors emerged and the Big Four became the Big Six__ 46. What was the verdict in the 10-cent brands cigarette case? _____the major cigarette companies were found guilty of violating the antitrust laws______ 47. Was predatory pricing the government’s primary allegation against the majors in the 10-cent brands cigarette price wars? If not, what was the primary complaint? _the court focused primarily on the collusion among the majors to fix prices__ 48.What was the court’s remedy in the 10-cent brands cigarette case? ___the court fined the guilty parties and restricted their ability to communicate and work together ____ 49. Why do most economists argue that antitrust laws prohibiting predatory pricing are actually anti-competitive? ____ Most economists argue that antitrust laws prohibiting predatory pricing are actually anti-competitive because any firm that lower s it's prices to compete against it's market competitors are susceptible to being charged with predatory pricing, even when no such intent probably exists.Furthermore, filing an antitrust lawsuit related to predatory pricing is often abused and a convenient way for businesses to compete with their competitors without matching their competitors price cutting especially since antitrust laws concerning predatory pricing are sometimes difficult to distinguish from predatory pricing, market competition, and competitive business practices. __ 50. Suppose there are five (5) firms in an industry with the following market shares: 15%, 20%, 2%. 45%, and 18%. What is the Herfindahl Index for this industry? _______2,978_______. According to the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines, how would this industry be classified? ___It would be classified as a ‘highly concentrated’ market. _____ 51. Ceteris paribus, would a merger that raised the Herfindahl index from 1900 to 1941 be likely to trigger interest by antitrust regulators? Why or why not? ____No, because while this market would be classified as ‘highly concentrated,’ the merger does not raise the HHI by more than 50 points and will therefore not trigger the interest of regulators. ___ 52. Ceteris paribus, would a merger that raised the Herfindahl index from 750 to 985 be likely to trigger interest by antitrust regulators? Why or why not? ___No, because a market with a Herfindahl Index below 1,000 is considered to be ‘unconcentrated’ and mergers in unconcentrated markets are unlikely to be challenged by regulators. _____ 53. Tying contracts are illegal per se under American antitrust laws. However, enforcing their illegal per se status has proven to be very difficult.What is the problem here? ___While tying contracts are illegal per se under antitrust law, there seems to be no way of getting around some tying during the course of routine business, e. g. , left shoes tied to right shoes , etc. This therefore introduces the element of intent and competitive consequences; two features that are not supposed to figure into illegal per se allegations. Currently, this problem is most pronounced in the practice of ‘bundling’ in high tech markets. ____ 54.In the YouTube video on Monopoly, what did Milton Friedman think was the primary cause of longer-lasting monopolies? ____government market restrictions ___________ 55. In the YouTube video on Monopoly, what did Milton Friedman think was the very best policy for dealing with monopolies and market power? ____free trade or measures to make trade more free and open _______ 56. In the YouTube video on Monopoly, Milton Friedman never mentioned or discussed Smith’s Formula. However, based on his comments, what do think his position would have been on our 200-year old question? __Friedman would definitely argue that markets had, if government leaves them alone, sufficient competition to make Smith’s For mula society’s primary line of defense against monopoly abuse. __ 57. What happened when Coca-Cola tried to introduce its new soft drink Peppo in the late 1960s? ____Dr Pepper sued for trademark infringement and Coka Cola had to change the name of the product to ‘Mr Pibb’. _____ 58. How did the FTC end up defining the relevant market in Coca Cola’s proposed acquisition of Dr Pepper? _The FTC took a very narrow view and defined the relevant market as the ‘pepper-flavored soft drink market’ __. How did the FTC rule on the proposed acquisition? __The FTC denied the request for merger approval. __ 59. Both the FTC and Coca Cola introduced Herfindahl Indexes in support of their positions in the proposed acquisition of Dr Pepper. What was the critical point on which the proposed merger was decided? ____The definition or scope of the relevant market ____

Important Aspects of Contract for Business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2996 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Contents Introduction: Task 1 1.1 Explanation of Importance of elements required for forming a valid contract: 1.2 Discussion on Impact of different types of contract: 1.3 Terms of contract with reference to their meaning and effect: Task 2 2.1 Application of the elements of a contract in different business situations: 2.2 Application of Law on terms in different contracts: 2.3 Evaluation of the effect of different terms in contracts: Task 3 3.1 Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability: 3.2 Nature of Liability of negligence: 3.3 Vicarious Liability in a Business: Task 4 4.1 Application of tort of negligence and defenses in different business situations: 4.2 Application of the elements of vicarious liability in different business situations: Conclusion: References: . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Important Aspects of Contract for Business" essay for you Create order Introduction: Contract and negligence are two of the most important components of business law needed to build and execute relationship with different parties. A business is always in need of creating and maintaining relationship with internal and external parties for making sales products and services to the customers, appointing employees for organization or purchasing saleable products and manufacturing materials from suppliers. So it is usually thought that a business following terms and elements of contract law can become efficiently successful so as to build secured and good relationship with availing deserving rights. Negligence is a common issue faced in the business during operation. Harms or damages caused by negligence can be brought under a frame to negotiate claims of parties involved. Victims facing harms because of negligence of one party are entitled to make claim on the loss due to harms or damages by showing relevance to elements and terms of negligence. Task 1 1.1 Explanation of Importance of elements required for forming a valid contract: A contract to be valid needs to have some elements. Absence of those elements makes a contract invalid due to its significance between the parties of contract. Following elements are considered as essential ones: Legal relation motive: Parties having involvement in the contract should have legalized intention for making contract. Illegal intention of any party can turn a contract into an invalid one. Offer: Offer is intention of doing something. Unconditional acceptance of the offer by other person in the contract is essential. Acceptance: Offer made by a party must be accepted by the other party to whom the offer is made. Acceptance of offer can be in oral or in writing preferring the convenient one. Consideration: Defined in terms of contract law, consideration is detriment of a person making the promise or benefit generated for other party of the contract. Both types of consideration should be measured in economic. Capacity: people not reaching the age of 18 and not mentally ordered are not entitled to form contract and be party of contract. Expressed or implied terms of a contract: Generally, the parties of a contract should have the agreement on the terms of contract. Contracts with terms which are not expressly mentioned in contract are called implied contract. Genuine consent of Parties: There canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be any kind of forces physically or mentally on any party of the contract in making the formation of contract. They will freely show the consent to contract. Discharge of contract: A contract with validity can be discharged by the ways of mutual agreement, contractual partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance and breach of frustration. 1.2 Discussion on Impact of different types of contract: Different types of contract have different extent of impact on the terms, objectives and parties of a contract. Types contract with impact on parties of contract have been discussed below: Written contracts: A written contract are formally signed by parties in written description with maintaining the assumption that all terms of agreement among contract parties are mentioned in the contract document without regarding verbal agreement (Wilson Huhn, 2002). These terms of the contract must easily be understood by them when present to them. There is also an assumption that terms of contract have been read and agreed to. Verbal contracts: Stronger level of trust among the parties is required in this contract and it canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be used as proof against any written contract. Verbal agreement support following ways: 1. Conduct other party both before and after the agreement, 2. Specific actions of the other party, 3. Past dealings with the other party. Bu t in following its impact may not be positive: 1. The value of transaction is remarkably high, 2. The presentation of a substantial document may raise more questions and uncertainty in the mind of parties (Eliott and Quinn, 2011). Executed contract: Executed contract is such a contract in which both parties of the contract have completed their specified obligations and responsibilities maintaining terms of the contract. This sort of contract is easier to form and transparent to perform undoubtedly. Executor contract: When parties of the contract are still to perform their own obligations and duties, it is called executor contract. This contract remains incomplete because of not performing some of its obligations by any or both of the parties. Parties of the contract need to have proper assumption over future incidents. 1.3 Terms of contract with reference to their meaning and effect: Following terms are used in the formation of contract and these terms have different meaning and extent of effect on contract: Circumstances: Circumstances are the indication that is essential to assume the discussion with the assigned deal. A dislocate associated with station may capacitate detriment result. Expressed contract: When parties of contract mention terms of the contract either in verbal or in written during the formation of the contract, it is called expressed contract. A definite written or oral offer is made with the expectation of acceptance in a manner that explicitly expresses consent to the terms. Implied contract: Although contracts implied in fact and in law are known as implied contracts, a real implied contract consists of some obligations which arise from mutual agreement and intention of making promise without expressing it in words. A contract in implied nature depends on substances for its existence (Lunney and Oilphant, 2010) . So, an implied contract requires the act or conduct of a party before coming it into effect. Therefore, a contract with implied terms is not expressed by the parties but rather suggested from facts and circumstance referring to a mutual agreement. Task 2 2.1 Application of the elements of a contract in different business situations: Law contract provides the guidance to make the agreement and to make compensation if agreement is violated by any parties. With following business scenarios, application of the elements of contract has been discussed: Scenario 1 It was really a matter of disappointment for Miss Kaur not finding fountain pen available coming back to the antique as shop assistant Harry had made the promise of selling the pen to any other customer willing to buy it before her return. Moreover, to return to that antique shop she had to bear additional travel expenditure. They made the contract with offer and acceptance and this contract has been discharged on making a mutual agreement. Shop assistant should have informed Miss Kaur before selling the pen to another customer. Therefore, from view point of contract law, she can utilize the option of taking legal actions against the shop for claiming her travel expenditure used to return to the shop. Scenario 2 To make renovations to the buildi ng of Charles, Murphy made a contract which was modified to increase the amount of renovation fee despite an unexpected argument between them. But Charles did not the pay increased amount to Murphy as per modified contract putting an argument that it was over the original contractual price. In such situation, Murphy has the option of showing the writings which were used to increase the price of renovation and agreement sent by Charles. Additionally, the witness of modified contract can be asked to be present to enforce Charles to fulfill the promise for making extra payment. Murphy is legally supported to sue against Charles for receiving that additional payment through following terms and elements of contract properly. Scenario 3 At the time of starting career as self employed builder, Mia kept tow requests of his brother and his friend with the condition of fixing and getting payment from them. But after getting service from Mia, both of them showed reluctance to make paymen t the agreed money with showing an excuse that they took the service of Mia for making getting the scope of gaining more experience on related job. As the contract was formed verbally, there was the risk of such sorts of avoidance. As he had congenial relationship with both of them due to be his friend and brother, he did think of making a written contract for security. Mia can force these two service receivers to make full payment through reminding description of contract formation and can search witness for the legality of claiming payments. 2.2 Application of Law on terms in different contracts: Elements and terms of UK contract do not have difference from that of general contract. As a standard form contract, a business deal between transporting companies, LSA Logistics Ltd. made a contract with a manufacturing company to distribute its products with following expressed and implied terms: Expressed terms: Charging  £250 per day for a single vehicle Transport Company will carry its products Five days in a week. Additional per day beyond selected days will be charged at  £300. LSA Logistics will distribute only the products of that company etc. Implied terms: LSA Logistics will follow allowed time for distributing manufacturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products. LSA Logistics will not carry any illegal products. LSA will not carry beyond standard weight in its vehicle. LSA Logistics will distribute products in agreed areas etc. Both of the parties signed on a document in this contract supporting exclusion clauses. Maintaining relevance to this term, LSA searched the way of breach of contract as the manufacturer was not fulfilling the elements and terms of contract. Manufacturer was forcing LSA to carry products beyond specified and standard weight and distributing products specified limit. Among different types of exclusion clauses, LSA followed true exclusion clause to breach the contract by firstly recognizing it and making excusing liability for this breach. This is a standard contract which has been breached following the agreed exclusion clause. 2.3 Evaluation of the effect of different terms in contracts: Scenario 4 X and Y made a written contract which contained some expressed terms. As Miss Y agreed to take dress smartly always during staying at office and not to wear trousers under any circumstances, she was supposed to wear dress smartly on 1st and 2nd June. Moreover, as research assistant Miss Y will work not considering hours to complete necessary tasks or assignments. But she has not been to complete the task within given time. For violating those mentioned terms, X became angry and upset and also got humiliated. For such sorts of depression, she had to take medical treatment. From this scenario, it is reflected that violation of terms of contract can lead to unexpected consequences to any party of the contract. Task 3 3.1 Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability: Both of the liabilities are on the basis for failure to observe a duty imposed by law. One of them is by agreement and the other one is by duty of acting and performing in a reasonable manner. A contract is formed by making agreement to be entered into by two or more parties. if one of the involved party fails to perform regarding contract terms, then that party is thought to incur contractual liability (K.L. Hall, 1989),. This kind of liability is created if two or more than parties intend few things to each other. When default on the agreement is happened by any of the parties that is termed as breach of contract. Tort is a common mistake arising due to the failure of one party in performing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duty to have acted in reasonable manner so that no harms happen to others. Tort is termed as breach of some duties independent of contract which gives rise to a civil contract. Although most of the torts happening in the breach of contract are negligence but few o thers are intentional. (Clarke, 2010) defined that tortuous liability arises due to the breach of a duty primarily determined by law; such duty should be to person and its breach can be recognized by the action for making compensation. Few differences between contract and tort are given below: A tort is usually consent but a contract is founded on the consent of parties. Privities are essential in tort but it is important implied in contract. A arises from violation in performing responsibility but a breach of contract happens through infringement of a right. Motive is considered with giving special emphasis in tort but it does relevance to the breach of contract. 3.2 Nature of Liability of negligence: Negligence in liability is defined as the failure to exercise the level of care for ensuring safety of another and this level of care a person would reasonably exercise under normal circumstances. This area of tort law known as negligence involves harms which is caused due to carelessness of a party. According to Jay M. Feinman (2010), the negligence concept requires people exercising care when they act by taking potential harm into account that they might cause harm to other people. But laws of intentional torts allow an applicant to sue for the harm or loss caused by defendants either in accident or in careless. For that reason, tort of negligence is defined as a failure to behave with level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the identical situation (Schrader, 1987). 3.3 Vicarious Liability in a Business: Vicarious liability arises from a situation when one party becomes responsible due to unlawful actions of a third party. Moreover, the liable party also becomes responsible for his own share of liability. The liability comes into existence if one party has the possibility to become responsible for a third party and does show willingness to carry out the respective responsibility and exercising control (Eliott and Quinn, 2011). A Vicarious liability can happen in a business in following way: Unlawful and outlawed actions such as harassment or discrimination in workplace of an employee make his employer liable. Even though employer himself did not have involvement in committing unlawful action, he carries the liability as he is considered to take the responsibility to prevent or limit any kind of unlawful actions performed by its employees. In this case, the employer is assumed to have the capacity to avoid vicarious liability with taking proper exercise so as to prevent such u nlawful behavior. Task 4 4.1 Application of tort of negligence and defenses in different business situations: Scenario 5 Causing damage to the wharf by oil spilling from UK ship in Sydney harbor makes it legitimate to sue against chatters of the ship. For the possibility of facing such damage, taking required safety measures signals that there was the proximate cause in the event of this accident. Besides, the ship did not exercise reasonable standard care during taking oil from harbor. Again, in the tort of negligence, there must be actual injury to the party who sued. For this reason, fire from spilled oil on water caused damage wharf. So, owners of wharf should take action of suing against chatters of ship by following requires procedures and terms. Scenario 6 Bell who was serving in vehicle maintenance by Shell lost sight of good eye due to flowing chip metal into his eye. Though the risk of losing sight of eye was little but protective measures should have been taken. Unfortunately, the duty of protection was not followed here. Carefulness by Shell in maintaining reasonable c are was not standard enough and this has leaded to blinding bell. 4.2 Application of the elements of vicarious liability in different business situations: Alf employed as warden in Safe Care Home Ltd was accused of sexual abusing boys made a matter of disappointment for this company. As he was employed by that company, any kind of outlawed actions by Alf should have been countered by his employer. Though Safe Care Home Ltd proceeded to take advice on this issue as whether this company is vicariously liable for the torts, but trial of sue will go against this company for not verifying Alfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manner and ethics. Mr. Khan sued against AB and Song Garage Ltd and its employee, Amos Bridge for disrespect and being hit by attendant Amos. AB and Sons Garage ltd has been liable vicariously in this case for the unlawful actions in its working place though it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t directly engaged in this actions. Being a customer, Mr. Khan logically expected good manner from attendant but situation and manner was unexpectedly opposite. So in this case sued by Mr. Khan, AB and Sons Garage Ltd can be considered as vicariously liable for attendant Amos. Conclusion: Contract along with its aspects have been described in the study. As the important aspects of contract, elements and terms of contracts are encompassed with making required explanation. Moreover, to clarify on contract, its different types have been discussed by bringing their definition and impact on the formation and execution of contract. For gaining proper understanding, several business scenarios have been answered with explanation and relevant advice. Negligence is an important issue of contract law and this issue arises from context of liability due to causing harm to any party of business. For suggestion to the victims of harm generated from negligence, the given business scenarios have been solved. References: Elliott C., Quinn F., (2011), Contract Law, London, Longman Richards P., 2011, Law of Contract. Lunney M., Oliphant K., (2010) Tort Law: Text and Materials Fourth Edition, New York: Oxford University Press. Clarke P., (2010) A Straightforward Guide To Contract Law, Brighton: Straightforward Elliott C., Quinn F., (2011), Contract Law, London, Longman Richards P., 2011, Law of Contract, Poole J., (2003); Casebook on Contract Law Sixth edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilson Huhn (2002), 5 Types of Legal Argument, Mumbai University. D. Schrader (1987), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Corporation and Profitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 6 Journal of Business Ethics. K.L. Hall (1989), The Magic Mirror : Law in American History, New York, OUP.